Python-ORM-SQLALchemy

ORM（object relational mopper）:关系对象映射。
作用：将对象转换成SQL语句，然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。

SQLALchemy：是python提供的一个ORM模块，用来将对象转化为sql语句来操作数据库，其处于DB-API之上；

下面对上图执行步骤进行层层模拟：

Dialect用于和数据API进行交流，根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API，从而实现对数据库的操作，如：

MySQL-Python
    mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

pymysql
    mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]

MySQL-Connector
    mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>

cx_Oracle
    oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]

更多详见：http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html

准备工作安装，
依然是使用pip安装
pip install SQLAlchemy

第一步：
Engine使用ConnectionPooling连接数据库，然后再通过Dialect执行SQL语句。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -- coding = 'utf-8' --
# Author Allen Lee
# Python Version 3.5.1
# OS Windows 7
from  sqlalchemy import create_engine

#创建连接
engine = create_engine('mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/mytest',max_overflow=3)

#插入单条数据
engine_execute(
    "insert into  my_test (host,name) values ('127.0.0.1','Meta')"
)
#插入多条数据
engine_execute(
    "insert into my_test (host,name) values (%s,%s)",(('192.168.132.127','Allen'),('10.0.0.32','Natasha'),)
)
engine_execute(
    "insert into my_test (host,name) VALUES (%(ip)s,%(username)s)",ip="10.127.2.66," , username='tl_ccs'
)
#将执行结果返回给一个对象，然后在通过它的fetchall方法获取结果
result = engine.execute("select * from my_test")
result.fetchall()
#查看数据库连接
ret = engine_execute("show status like 'Threads% '")

#事务操作
with engine.begin() as conn:
    conn.execute("insert into table (a,b,c) values (123,321,312)")
    conn.execute("my_first_procedure(3)")
conn = engine.connect()
with conn.begin():
    conn.execute("some statsment",{'a':2,'b':321})

第二步：
ngine使用Schema Type创建一个特定的结构对象，之后通过SQL Expression Language将该对象转换成SQL语句，然后通过 ConnectionPooling 连接数据库，再然后通过 Dialect 执行SQL，并获取结果。

# #!/usr/bin/env python
# # -- coding = 'utf-8' --
# # Author Allen Lee
# # Python Version 3.5.1
# # OS Windows 7
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Table, Column, Integer, String, MetaData, ForeignKey

metadata = MetaData()

user = Table('user', metadata,
    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('name', String(20)),
)

color = Table('color', metadata,
    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('name', String(20)),
)
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/mytest", max_overflow=5)

conn = engine.connect()

# 创建SQL语句，INSERT INTO "user" (id, name) VALUES (:id, :name)
conn.execute(user.insert(),{'id':7,'name':'seven'})

#增
# sql = user.insert().values(id=123, name='wu')
#删
# sql = user.delete().where(user.c.id > 1)
#改
# sql = user.update().values(fullname=user.c.name)
# sql = user.update().where(user.c.name == 'jack').values(name='ed')
#查
sql = select([user.c.name, color.c.name]).where(user.c.id==color.c.id)
# sql = select([user.c.name]).order_by(user.c.name)
# sql = select([user]).group_by(user.c.name)

#获取查询结果
result = conn.execute(sql)
print(result.fetchall())
#关闭连接
conn.close()

第三步：
使用 ORM/Schema Type/ SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect
所有组件对数据进行操作。根据类创建对象，对象转换成SQL，执行SQL。

# #!/usr/bin/env python
# # -- coding = 'utf-8' --
# # Author Allen Lee
# # Python Version 3.5.1
# # OS Windows 7
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/my_test", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'users'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(50))

# 寻找Base的所有子类，按照子类的结构在数据库中生成对应的数据表信息
# Base.metadata.create_all(engine)

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()


########## 增 ##########
u = User(id=2, name='allen')
session.add(u)
session.add_all([
    User(id=3, name='natasha'),
    User(id=4, name='meta')
])
session.commit()

########## 删除 ##########
session.query(User).filter(User.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()

########## 修改 ##########
session.query(User).filter(User.id > 2).update({'cluster_id' : 0})
session.commit()
########## 查 ##########
ret = session.query(User).filter_by(name='allen').first()

ret = session.query(User).filter_by(name='meta').all()
print(ret)

ret = session.query(User).filter(User.name.in_(['natasha','allen'])).all()
print(ret)

ret = session.query(User.name.label('name_label')).all()
print(ret,type(ret))

ret = session.query(User).order_by(User.id).all()
print(ret)

ret = session.query(User).order_by(User.id)[1:3]
print(ret)
session.commit()