Python学习笔记03

内建数据结构

内建数据结构：元组；列表、字典、集合

Tuple

In [1]: tup1=(1,2,['a','b','c'],4)
In [2]: tup2=tup1*3

In [3]: id(tup2)==id(tup1)
Out[3]: False

In [4]: tup2
Out[4]: (1, 2, ['a', 'b', 'c'], 4, 1, 2, ['a', 'b', 'c'], 4, 1, 2, ['a', 'b', 'c'], 4)

In [5]: tup1[2].append('d')      # 牵一发而动全身

In [6]: tup2
Out[6]:
(1,
 2,
 ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'],
 4,
 1,
 2,
 ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'],
 4,
 1,
 2,
 ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'],
 4)

元组拆包:

In [8]: a,b,c,d=tup1
In [10]: c
Out[10]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']

In [11]: d
Out[11]: 4


In [12]: a,b,*args=tup1

# a,b,*_=tup1
In [13]: args[0]				# 剩余变量，如若之后数据无用一般约定为下划线
Out[13]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']

In [14]: args[1]
Out[14]: 4

• count()
• index()

List

操作	desp
append() remove()	尾插头删
insert() pop()	制定位置
copy()	新开辟内存复制 Return a shallow copy of the list.
extend()	Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.
reverse() count() clear() sort() index()

In [25]: list1=[1,[2,3],4]
In [26]: list2=list1
In [27]: list3=list1.copy()

In [28]: id(list1)
Out[28]: 1725205908744
In [29]: id(list2)
Out[29]: 1725205908744

In [30]: id(list3)
Out[30]: 1725216706056

In [31]: list2
Out[31]: [1, [2, 3], 4]
In [32]: list3
Out[32]: [1, [2, 3], 4]


# 浅拷贝
# 仅拷贝父对象，不会拷贝对象的内部的子对象。
# Return a shallow copy of the list.
In [37]: list1[1].append('x')

In [38]: list1
Out[38]: [1, [2, 3, 'x'], 4, 5]

In [39]: list3
Out[39]: [1, [2, 3, 'x'], 4]
In [40]: import copy

# 深拷贝
In [41]: list4=copy.deepcopy(list1)

In [42]: id(list1[1])
Out[42]: 1725203631816

In [43]: id(list3[1])
Out[43]: 1725203631816

In [44]: id(list4[1])
Out[44]: 1725233405704

通过添加内容来连接到列表是一种高代价的操作，这是因为 连接过程中创建了新的列表，并且还要复制对象。

# 推荐,更高效
everything=[]
for chunk in list_of_lists:
	everything.extend(chunk)

# 操作简单
everything=[]
for chunk in list_of_lists:
	everything+=chunk;

二分检索与二分插入

bisect模块 后续

import bisect

bisect.bisect(list1,4)  # 返回元素4应该插入的位置
bisect.insort(list1,4)	# 将元素4插入对应位置

bisect模块函数不会检查列表是否有序（代价）
因此，对未排序列表使用bisect的函数虽然不会报错，但是可能会导致不正确的结果。

内建序列函数

1. enumerate : 遍历时同时获取索引值 for i,value in enumerate(list): pass
2. sorted
3. zip(list1,list2) : 将list1与list2中元素配对，取决于最短列表
4. reserved

itertools.zip_longest(list1,list2)

In [46]: for i,value in enumerate(list1):
    ...:     print("{0} : {1} ".format(i,value))
    ...:
    ...:
0 : 1
1 : [2, 3, 'x']
2 : 4
3 : 5

In [47]: list1=['a','b','c']

In [48]: list2=[1,2,3,4,5,6]

In [49]: list3=zip(list1,list2)

In [50]: list3
Out[50]: <zip at 0x191afcd0948>

In [51]: list(list3)
Out[51]: [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]

In [52]: type(list3)
Out[52]: zip

Dict

hashMap 哈希表

mapping=dict(zip(list1,list2))


value=mapping.get(key,default_value) # key not in mapping ? default :mapping[key];

setdefault 与 defaultdict

将words按首字母分类构建哈希表

常规

In [3]: words=['listen','speak','read','write','insert','re
   ...: move','alter','search']

In [4]: by_letter={}

In [5]: for wd in words:
   ...:     letter=wd[0]
   ...:     if letter not in by_letter:
   ...:         by_letter[letter]=[wd]
   ...:     else:
   ...:         by_letter[letter].append(wd)
   ...:

In [6]: by_letter
Out[6]:
{'l': ['listen'],
 's': ['speak', 'search'],
 'r': ['read', 'remove'],
 'w': ['write'],
 'i': ['insert'],
 'a': ['alter']}

setdefault

Insert key with a value of default if key is not in the dictionary.
Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.

In [7]: by_letter={}

In [8]: for wd in words:
   ...:     letter=wd[0]
   ...:     by_letter.setdefault(letter,[]).append(wd)
   ...:

In [9]: by_letter
Out[9]:
{'l': ['listen'],
 's': ['speak', 'search'],
 'r': ['read', 'remove'],
 'w': ['write'],
 'i': ['insert'],
 'a': ['alter']}

insert the letter(首字母) in the dict 如果首字母不在dict则以默认list[]返回；否则返回letter所对应的list

finally append(the new word)

defaultdict

defaultdict(default_factory[, ...]) --> dict with default factory(值的数据类型)

The default factory is called without arguments to produce a new value when a key is not present, in __getitem__ only.

A defaultdict compares equal to a dict with the same items.
All remaining arguments are treated the same as if they were passed to the dict constructor, including keyword arguments.


In [11]: from collections import defaultdict

In [12]: by_letter=defaultdict(list)

In [17]: for wd in words:
    ...:     by_letter[wd[0]].append(wd)
    ...:

In [18]: by_letter
Out[18]:
defaultdict(list,
            {'l': ['listen'],
             's': ['speak', 'search'],
             'r': ['read', 'remove'],
             'w': ['write'],
             'i': ['insert'],
             'a': ['alter']})

新的实现方式itertools模块的groupby

列表推导式

important！！！

In [2]: some_tupls=((-1,-2,3),(2,3,-5))

In [3]: tupls=[x for tup in some_tupls for x in tup if x>0]

In [4]: tupls
Out[4]: [3, 2, 3]

函数

生成器 迭代器

r=range(1,10,2)
for x in r:
	print(x)

def mrange(start,stop,step=1):
	i=start
	while(i<stop):
		yield i
		i+=step