Pointers

dereference operator (&)

pointer to const can’t use to change the value of its object.
a reference is not a object. Instead, a reference (&) is a another name for an already existing object. All in all, reference must be initialized.
A pointer is an object in memory.

decltype

decltype returns the type of its operand.

	decltype(f()) sum = x;  // sum has whatever type f returns.

ted = &andy;
int *p = nullptr; means *p = 0 ;
const double pi = 3.14 ; pi is constant and not change.
double *p = π wrong because of ptr is ordinary pointer.
const double *ptr = π right, 
*ptr = 1 ; wrong .

assign the addresses of andy to ted.

if(!p){}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

const double * f1(const double * ar, int n);
const double * f2(const double ar[], int n);
const double * f3(const double ar[], int n);

int main()
{
	double av[3] = { 1112.3, 1542.6, 2227.9 };

	const double *(*p1)(const double *, int) = f1;
	auto p2 = f2;

	cout << "使用指向函数的指针:\n"
		<< ",地址值:\n"
		<< (*p1)(av, 3) << ": " << *(*p1)(av, 3) << endl
		<< p2(av, 3) << ": " << *p2(av, 3) << endl;

	const double *(*pa[3])(const double *, int) = { f1, f2, f3 };
	auto pb = pa;

	cout << "\n使用数组的指针来函数:\n"
		<< ",地址值\n";
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
		cout << pa[i](av, 3) << ": " << *pa[i](av, 3) << endl;

	cout << "\n使用指向一个函数的指针的指针:\n"
		<< ",地址值\n";
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
		cout << pb[i](av, 3) << ": " << *pb[i](av, 3) << endl;

	cout << "\n使用指针的functers数组:\n"
		<< ",地址值\n";
	auto pc = &pa;
	cout << (*pc)[0](av, 3) << ": " << *(*pc[0])(av, 3) << endl;

	const double *(*(*pd)[3])(const double *, int) = &pa;

	const double * pdb = (*pd)[1](av, 3);
	cout << pdb << ": " << *pdb << endl;
	cout << (*(*pd)[2])(av, 3) << ": " << *(*(*pd)[2])(av, 3) << endl;
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

const double * f1(const double * ar, int n)
{
	return ar;
}

const double * f2(const double ar[], int n)
{
	return ar + 1;
}

const double * f3(const double ar[], int n)
{
	return ar + 2;
}

string & rs; worong
string s("OK");
string& rs = s; right, rs refer to s

struct

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

struct student
{
	char name[20];
	int age;
	double hight;
};

int main()
{
	struct student name_li; 
	student name_li ; // C++ only
	student name_li={"zhang san",18,180.1};
	student name_zhang {"zhang san",18,180.1};
	struct name_wang {}; // all value is zero.
	name_li = name_wang //assign a structure to another
	}
	cout <<name_li.name << " " << name_li.age <<endl;
}
output:
"zhang san" 18

sturct array

struct student gift[100];
student gift[2] =
{
	{"baby", 29, 21.5},
	{"Godzilla", 15,22.5}
};
cout<<gift[0].name << gift[1].name<< endl;

pass by sturct data

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

struct travel_time
{
	int hours;
	int mins;
};

travel_time sum(travel_time t1, travel_time t2);
void show_travel(travel_time total);

int main()
{
	struct travel_time t1 = { 5, 55 };
	struct travel_time t2 = { 4, 5 };
	travel_time total = sum(t1, t2);
	show_travel(total);
	
	return 0;
}

travel_time sum(travel_time t1, travel_time t2)
{
	travel_time total;
	total.mins = (t1.mins + t2.mins) % 60;
	total.hours = t1.hours + t2.hours + (t1.mins + t2.mins) % 60;
	return total;
}

void show_travel(travel_time total)
{
	cout << total.hours << " " << total.mins << endl;
}

pass by address as a struct

travel_time sum(travel_time *t1, travel_time *t2, travle *total)
{
	total->mins = (t1->mins + t2->mins) % 60;
	total->hours = t1->hours + t2->hours + (t1->mins + t2->mins) % 60;
}

void show_travel(const travel_time *total)
{
	cout << total->hours << " " << total->mins << endl;
}

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