性冷淡风小结常用设计模式（二）------观察者模式

一、定义：观察者模式： 对象之间多对一依赖的一种设计方案，被依赖的对象为Subject，依赖的对象为Observer，Subject通知Observer变化。

观察者模式就像是预定牛奶业务，奶站是Subject，订奶人是Observer。

其中，Subject和Observer的接口设计如下：
Subject：登记注册、移除和通知

Observer：接收输入

二、场景说明：以天气预报为例，现有2个气象内容分发公司（Observers）和一个气象台（Subject），2个分发公司分别对气象台的数据进行处理和分发。

三、具体代码说明：
1、首先，定义Subject和Observers接口

public interface Subject {
	public void registerObserver(Observer o);//注册观察者
	public void removeObserver(Observer o);//删除观察者
	public void notifyObservers();//通知观察者
}

public interface Observer {
	public void update(float mTemperatrue,float mPressure,float mHumidity);
}

2.定义天气变化控制器

public class WeatherDataSt implements Subject{
	
	private float mTemperatrue;
	private float mPressure;
	private float mHumidity;
	private ArrayList<Observer> mObservers;//泛型，观察者类
	public WeatherDataSt()
	{
		mObservers=new ArrayList<Observer>();
	}
	
	public float getTemperature()
	{
		return mTemperatrue;
		
	}
	
	public float getPressure()
	{
		return mPressure;
		
	}
	
	public float getHumidity()
	{
		return mHumidity;
		
	}
	public void dataChange()
	{
		notifyObservers();
	}
	public void setData(float mTemperatrue,float mPressure,float mHumidity)
	{
		this.mTemperatrue=mTemperatrue;
		this.mPressure=mPressure;
		this.mHumidity=mHumidity;
		dataChange();
	}

	@Override
	public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		mObservers.add(o);
	}

	@Override
	public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		if(mObservers.contains(o))
		{mObservers.remove(o);}
	}

	@Override
	public void notifyObservers() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		for(int i=0,len=mObservers.size();i<len;i++)
		{
			//调用观察者的update()方法，通知观察者们对数据进行更新
			mObservers.get(i).update(getTemperature(), getPressure(), getHumidity());
		}
	}

}

3.定义A公司，对当前天气数据进行预报

public class CurrentConditions implements Observer {

	private float mTemperatrue;
	private float mPressure;
	private float mHumidity;

	@Override
	public void update(float mTemperatrue, float mPressure, float mHumidity) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		this.mHumidity = mHumidity;
		this.mPressure = mPressure;
		this.mTemperatrue = mTemperatrue;
		display();
	}

	public void display() {
		System.out.println("***Today mTemperatrue:" + mTemperatrue + "***");
		System.out.println("***Today mPressure:" + mPressure + "***");
		System.out.println("***Today mHumidity:" + mHumidity + "***");

	}

}

4.定义B公司，对明天数据进行预报

public class ForcastConditions implements Observer{
	private float mTemperatrue;
	private float mPressure;
	private float mHumidity;
	@Override
	public void update(float mTemperatrue, float mPressure, float mHumidity) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		this.mTemperatrue=mTemperatrue;
		this.mPressure=mPressure;
		this.mHumidity=mHumidity;
		
		display();
	}
	public void display()
	{
		System.out.println("**明天温度:"+(mTemperatrue+Math.random())+"**");
		System.out.println("**明天气压:"+(mPressure+10*Math.random())+"**");
		System.out.println("**明天湿度:"+(mHumidity+Math.random())+"**");
	}
}

5.定义主程序，进行测试

public class InternetWeather {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		
		CurrentConditions mCurrentConditions;
		ForcastConditions mForcastConditions;
		WeatherDataSt mWeatherDataSt;
		
		mWeatherDataSt=new WeatherDataSt();
		mCurrentConditions=new CurrentConditions();
		mForcastConditions=new ForcastConditions();
		
		//分别注册A、B公司
		mWeatherDataSt.registerObserver(mCurrentConditions);
		mWeatherDataSt.registerObserver(mForcastConditions);
		
		//向数据控制器注册数据
		mWeatherDataSt.setData(30, 150, 40);
		mWeatherDataSt.removeObserver(mCurrentConditions);
		mWeatherDataSt.setData(40, 250, 50);
	}

}

至此，DIY版本的观察者模式就说完了，小结一下：

1. 观察者模式中，有 发布者（Subject ）和观察者（Object）的区别。
2. 发布者（Subject ）是一个接口（也可以是一个被继承的类），主要作用有三点：
   public void registerObserver(Observer o);//注册观察者
   public void removeObserver(Observer o);//删除观察者
   public void notifyObservers();//通知观察者
   而我们要写的，类似于公告板的类，要实现该接口，才能实现其功能。
3. 观察者（Observer）是一个接口（也可以是一个被继承的类），主要作用是，在继承了发布者（Subject ）的类调 用其注册、删除、通知功能的时候，调用Observer的update()方法，该方法中的参数均为getDataXXX方法，可以获取到修改后的参数值。

在Java中，发布者与观察者分别被 Observable 和 Observer两个类代替，且在 Observable 中，使用了线程锁，以确保观察者模式在使用的时候是线程安全的。此外，Java中，Observer的容器是 Vector，这是个先进后出的容器，所以，在初始化注入观察者的时候，要注意顺序。

在此，贴出这两个类的代码及调用代码。

public class Observable {
    private boolean changed = false;
    private Vector<Observer> obs;

    /** Construct an Observable with zero Observers. */

    public Observable() {
        obs = new Vector<>();
    }

    /**
     * Adds an observer to the set of observers for this object, provided
     * that it is not the same as some observer already in the set.
     * The order in which notifications will be delivered to multiple
     * observers is not specified. See the class comment.
     *
     * @param   o   an observer to be added.
     * @throws NullPointerException   if the parameter o is null.
     */
    public synchronized void addObserver(Observer o) {
        if (o == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (!obs.contains(o)) {
            obs.addElement(o);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Deletes an observer from the set of observers of this object.
     * Passing <CODE>null</CODE> to this method will have no effect.
     * @param   o   the observer to be deleted.
     */
    public synchronized void deleteObserver(Observer o) {
        obs.removeElement(o);
    }

    /**
     * If this object has changed, as indicated by the
     * <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
     * and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to
     * indicate that this object has no longer changed.
     * <p>
     * Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
     * arguments: this observable object and <code>null</code>. In other
     * words, this method is equivalent to:
     * <blockquote><tt>
     * notifyObservers(null)</tt></blockquote>
     *
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
     */
    public void notifyObservers() {
        notifyObservers(null);
    }

    /**
     * If this object has changed, as indicated by the
     * <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
     * and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to indicate
     * that this object has no longer changed.
     * <p>
     * Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
     * arguments: this observable object and the <code>arg</code> argument.
     *
     * @param   arg   any object.
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
     */
    public void notifyObservers(Object arg) {
        /*
         * a temporary array buffer, used as a snapshot of the state of
         * current Observers.
         */
        Object[] arrLocal;

        synchronized (this) {
            /* We don't want the Observer doing callbacks into
             * arbitrary code while holding its own Monitor.
             * The code where we extract each Observable from
             * the Vector and store the state of the Observer
             * needs synchronization, but notifying observers
             * does not (should not).  The worst result of any
             * potential race-condition here is that:
             * 1) a newly-added Observer will miss a
             *   notification in progress
             * 2) a recently unregistered Observer will be
             *   wrongly notified when it doesn't care
             */
            if (!changed)
                return;
            arrLocal = obs.toArray();
            clearChanged();
        }

        for (int i = arrLocal.length-1; i>=0; i--)
            ((Observer)arrLocal[i]).update(this, arg);
    }

    /**
     * Clears the observer list so that this object no longer has any observers.
     */
    public synchronized void deleteObservers() {
        obs.removeAllElements();
    }

    /**
     * Marks this <tt>Observable</tt> object as having been changed; the
     * <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>true</tt>.
     */
    protected synchronized void setChanged() {
        changed = true;
    }

    /**
     * Indicates that this object has no longer changed, or that it has
     * already notified all of its observers of its most recent change,
     * so that the <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>false</tt>.
     * This method is called automatically by the
     * <code>notifyObservers</code> methods.
     *
     * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
     */
    protected synchronized void clearChanged() {
        changed = false;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if this object has changed.
     *
     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the <code>setChanged</code>
     *          method has been called more recently than the
     *          <code>clearChanged</code> method on this object;
     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#setChanged()
     */
    public synchronized boolean hasChanged() {
        return changed;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of observers of this <tt>Observable</tt> object.
     *
     * @return  the number of observers of this object.
     */
    public synchronized int countObservers() {
        return obs.size();
    }
}

public interface Observer {
    /**
     * This method is called whenever the observed object is changed. An
     * application calls an <tt>Observable</tt> object's
     * <code>notifyObservers</code> method to have all the object's
     * observers notified of the change.
     *
     * @param   o     the observable object.
     * @param   arg   an argument passed to the <code>notifyObservers</code>
     *                 method.
     */
    void update(Observable o, Object arg);
}

公告板类的方法：

public class WeatherData extends Observable{
	private float mTemperatrue;
	private float mPressure;
	private float mHumidity;
	
	public float getTemperature()
	{
		return mTemperatrue;
		
	}
	
	public float getPressure()
	{
		return mPressure;
		
	}
	
	public float getHumidity()
	{
		return mHumidity;
		
	}
	
	
	public void dataChange()
	{
		/**
		 * 这一步很关键 是数据变化与否的通知开关，在下面 notifyObservers()方法执行的时候，
		 * 会先判断if(boolean changed==true){},这样主要是为了加强java使用观察者模式的灵活性
		 */
		this.setChanged();
		this.notifyObservers(new Data(getTemperature(),getPressure(),getHumidity()));
		
	}
	
	
	public void setData(float mTemperatrue,float mPressure,float mHumidity)
	{
		this.mTemperatrue=mTemperatrue;
		this.mPressure=mPressure;
		this.mHumidity=mHumidity;
		dataChange();
	}
	
	public class Data
	{
		public float mTemperatrue;
		public float mPressure;
		public float mHumidity;
		public Data(float mTemperatrue,float mPressure,float mHumidity)
		{
			this.mTemperatrue=mTemperatrue;
			this.mPressure=mPressure;
			this.mHumidity=mHumidity;
		}
	}
	
}

ForcastConditions类

public class ForcastConditions implements Observer  {
	
	private float mTemperatrue;
	private float mPressure;
	private float mHumidity;
	@Override
	public void update(Observable arg0, Object arg1) {
		// 此处调用 WeatherData 中的成员内部类 Data 进行数据转换
		this.mTemperatrue=((Data)(arg1)).mTemperatrue;
		this.mPressure=((Data)(arg1)).mPressure;
		this.mHumidity=((Data)(arg1)).mHumidity;
		display();
	}
	
	public void display()
	{
		System.out.println("***Tomorrow mTemperatrue:" +(mTemperatrue+1)+"***");
		System.out.println("***Tomorrow mPressure:" +(mPressure+1)+"***");
		System.out.println("***Tomorrow mHumidity:" +(mHumidity+1)+"***");
	}
}