Linux ls 命令

 

1、ls命令

ls命令用来显示目标列表，在Linux中是使用率较高的命令。ls命令的输出信息可以进行彩色加亮显示，以分区不同类型的文件

语法格式：ls  [选项]  [参数]

选项：

-a：显示所有档案及目录（ls内定将档案名或目录名称为“.”的视为影藏，不会列出）；
-A：显示除影藏文件“.”和“..”以外的所有文件列表；
-C：多列显示输出结果。这是默认选项；
-l：与“-C”选项功能相反，所有输出信息用单列格式输出，不输出为多列；
-F：在每个输出项后追加文件的类型标识符，具体含义：“*”表示具有可执行权限的普通文件，“/”表示目录，“@”表示符号链接，“|”表示命令管道FIFO，“=”表示sockets套接字。当文件为普通文件时，不输出任何标识符；
-b：将文件中的不可输出的字符以反斜线“”加字符编码的方式输出；
-c：与“-lt”选项连用时，按照文件状态时间排序输出目录内容，排序的依据是文件的索引节点中的ctime字段。与“-l”选项连用时，则排序的一句是文件的状态改变时间；
-d：仅显示目录名，而不显示目录下的内容列表。显示符号链接文件本身，而不显示其所指向的目录列表；
-f：此参数的效果和同时指定“aU”参数相同，并关闭“lst”参数的效果；
-i：显示文件索引节点号（inode）。一个索引节点代表一个文件；
--file-type：与“-F”选项的功能相同，但是不显示“*”；
-k：以KB（千字节）为单位显示文件大小；
-l：以长格式显示目录下的内容列表。输出的信息从左到右依次包括文件名，文件类型、权限模式、硬连接数、所有者、组、文件大小和文件的最后修改时间等；
-m：用“,”号区隔每个文件和目录的名称；
-n：以用户识别码和群组识别码替代其名称；
-r：以文件名反序排列并输出目录内容列表；
-s：显示文件和目录的大小，以区块为单位；
-t：用文件和目录的更改时间排序；
-L：如果遇到性质为符号链接的文件或目录，直接列出该链接所指向的原始文件或目录；
-R：递归处理，将指定目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理；
--full-time：列出完整的日期与时间；
--color[=WHEN]：使用不同的颜色高亮显示不同类型的。

参数：

参数可以是目录也可以是文件

实例

ls    ls -a   ls -A

      ls 显示非隐藏的目录和文件

[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  install.log  install.log.syslog  satools

     ls -a  显示包含隐藏文件在内的所有文件

[root@localhost ~]# ls -a
.   anaconda-ks.cfg  .bash_logout   .bashrc  install.log         .mysql_history  satools  .tcshrc   .vimrc
..  .bash_history    .bash_profile  .cshrc   install.log.syslog  .rnd            .ssh     .viminfo

ls -l   ls -c 

        ls -l 跟 ll命令一样，列出的文件及目录以单列形式展示，而ls -c是列出的目录及文件是以多列的形式展示

ls -l与ll

-rw-r--r--    1 root root 12650793 Jul  4 16:16 3a46da89bccd322c-778459fc0000001a_1824015982_data.0
-rw-r--r--    1 root root    13824 Sep  5  2018 4dff1f97-bc36-4317-92a5-67ab44cf29fc.xls
-rw-r--r--    1 root root    13824 Sep  5  2018 710440cb-79e3-4157-8927-12da76600df4.xls
-rw-r--r--    1 root root     6144 Sep  5  2018 76053419-7492-41f6-8d3a-a1b5e4878f8e.xls
lrwxrwxrwx.   1 root root        7 Jul 12  2017 bin -> usr/bin
dr-xr-xr-x.   5 root root     4096 Aug  8  2018 boot
drwxr-xr-x    5 root root       53 Jul 10 10:58 data
drwxr-xr-x   20 root root     3240 Apr 19 13:27 dev
drwxr-xr-x. 125 root root     8192 Jun 12 08:37 etc
drwxr-xr-x.   9 root root      120 Dec 21  2018 home
lrwxrwxrwx.   1 root root        7 Jul 12  2017 lib -> usr/lib
lrwxrwxrwx.   1 root root        9 Jul 12  2017 lib64 -> usr/lib64
drwxr-xr-x.   2 root root        6 Nov  5  2016 media
drwxr-xr-x.   3 root root       18 Nov  7  2017 mnt
drwxr-xr-x.  41 root root     4096 Jul  8 14:50 mvtech
drwxr-xr-x.   4 root root       39 Jul 13  2017 opt
dr-xr-xr-x  355 root root        0 Apr 19 13:26 proc
dr-xr-x---.  22 root root     4096 Jul 10 16:13 root
drwxr-xr-x   32 root root     1020 Jun 12 08:43 run
lrwxrwxrwx.   1 root root        8 Jul 12  2017 sbin -> usr/sbin
drwxr-xr-x.   2 root root        6 Nov  5  2016 srv
dr-xr-xr-x   13 root root        0 Apr 19 13:26 sys
drwxrwxrwt.  26 root root     4096 Jul 10 15:45 tmp
drwxr-xr-x.  13 root root      155 Jul 12  2017 usr
drwxr-xr-x.  20 root root      278 Apr 19 13:26 var

ls -c

root  mvtech                                               etc  sys   710440cb-79e3-4157-8927-12da76600df4.xls  boot  usr   lib    bin
tmp   3a46da89bccd322c-778459fc0000001a_1824015982_data.0  dev  proc  4dff1f97-bc36-4317-92a5-67ab44cf29fc.xls  mnt   sbin  lib64
data  run                                                  var  home  76053419-7492-41f6-8d3a-a1b5e4878f8e.xls  opt   srv   media

ls -i   显示节点信息

[root@node03 var]# ls -li
total 8
402725517 drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Nov  5  2016 adm
     1311 drwxr-xr-x.  7 root root   77 Aug  8  2018 cache
268791686 drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   43 Sep 11  2017 crash
134248148 drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   34 Jul 12  2017 db
268642539 drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   18 Jul 12  2017 empty
  1860412 drwxr-xr-x   3 root root   17 Aug  2  2017 ftp
402725518 drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Nov  5  2016 games
     1312 drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Nov  5  2016 gopher
268661295 drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   18 Dec  7  2016 kerberos
402653288 drwxr-xr-x. 54 root root 4096 Apr 19 13:26 lib
     1313 drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   19 Jan  4  2019 local
      119 lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root   11 Jul 12  2017 lock -> ../run/lock
402725198 drwxr-xr-x. 25 root root 4096 Jul  8 03:44 log
     1314 lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root   10 Jul 12  2017 mail -> spool/mail
134248150 drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Nov  5  2016 nis
268642541 drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Nov  5  2016 opt
402725520 drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Nov  5  2016 preserve
      118 lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root    6 Jul 12  2017 run -> ../run
     1315 drwxr-xr-x.  9 root root   97 Jul 12  2017 spool
134217826 drwxrwxrwt.  4 root root  170 May 23 09:29 tmp
402725521 drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Nov  5  2016 yp
[root@node03 var]# ls -i
402725517 adm    134248148 db     402725518 games     402653288 lib    402725198 log   268642541 opt            1315 spool
     1311 cache  268642539 empty       1312 gopher         1313 local       1314 mail  402725520 preserve  134217826 tmp
268791686 crash    1860412 ftp    268661295 kerberos        119 lock   134248150 nis         118 run       402725521 yp

ls -m 水平展示列表

[root@node03 var]# ls -m
adm, cache, crash, db, empty, ftp, games, gopher, kerberos, lib, local, lock, log, mail, nis, opt, preserve, run, spool, tmp, yp

ls -n  显示文件的UID和GID

[root@node03 var]# ls -n
total 8
               U G
drwxr-xr-x.  2 0 0    6 Nov  5  2016 adm
drwxr-xr-x.  7 0 0   77 Aug  8  2018 cache
drwxr-xr-x.  3 0 0   43 Sep 11  2017 crash
drwxr-xr-x.  3 0 0   34 Jul 12  2017 db
drwxr-xr-x.  3 0 0   18 Jul 12  2017 empty
drwxr-xr-x   3 0 0   17 Aug  2  2017 ftp
drwxr-xr-x.  2 0 0    6 Nov  5  2016 games
drwxr-xr-x.  2 0 0    6 Nov  5  2016 gopher
drwxr-xr-x.  3 0 0   18 Dec  7  2016 kerberos
drwxr-xr-x. 54 0 0 4096 Apr 19 13:26 lib
drwxr-xr-x.  3 0 0   19 Jan  4  2019 local
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 0 0   11 Jul 12  2017 lock -> ../run/lock
drwxr-xr-x. 25 0 0 4096 Jul  8 03:44 log
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 0 0   10 Jul 12  2017 mail -> spool/mail
drwxr-xr-x.  2 0 0    6 Nov  5  2016 nis
drwxr-xr-x.  2 0 0    6 Nov  5  2016 opt
drwxr-xr-x.  2 0 0    6 Nov  5  2016 preserve
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 0 0    6 Jul 12  2017 run -> ../run
drwxr-xr-x.  9 0 0   97 Jul 12  2017 spool
drwxrwxrwt.  4 0 0  170 May 23 09:29 tmp
drwxr-xr-x.  2 0 0    6 Nov  5  2016 yp

ls -t 显示最近修改的文件     最近修改的文件在最前面

[root@node03 var]# ls -t
log  tmp  lib  local  cache  crash  ftp  spool  db  empty  mail  lock  run  kerberos  adm  games  gopher  nis  opt  preserve  yp

ls -R 递归显示文件

[root@node03 var]# ls -R tmp
tmp:
systemd-private-4d16bf5da815429395bb38c4e6043796-ntpd.service-lZYqeQ
systemd-private-4d16bf5da815429395bb38c4e6043796-systemd-machined.service-UyhnRh

tmp/systemd-private-4d16bf5da815429395bb38c4e6043796-ntpd.service-lZYqeQ:
tmp

tmp/systemd-private-4d16bf5da815429395bb38c4e6043796-ntpd.service-lZYqeQ/tmp:

tmp/systemd-private-4d16bf5da815429395bb38c4e6043796-systemd-machined.service-UyhnRh:
tmp

tmp/systemd-private-4d16bf5da815429395bb38c4e6043796-systemd-machined.service-UyhnRh/tmp:

ls -ltr 按修改时间列出文件和文件夹的详情时间

[root@node03 var]# ls -ltr
total 8
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Nov  5  2016 yp
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Nov  5  2016 preserve
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Nov  5  2016 opt
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Nov  5  2016 nis
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Nov  5  2016 gopher
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Nov  5  2016 games
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 Nov  5  2016 adm
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   18 Dec  7  2016 kerberos
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root    6 Jul 12  2017 run -> ../run
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root   11 Jul 12  2017 lock -> ../run/lock
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root   10 Jul 12  2017 mail -> spool/mail
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   18 Jul 12  2017 empty
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   34 Jul 12  2017 db
drwxr-xr-x.  9 root root   97 Jul 12  2017 spool
drwxr-xr-x   3 root root   17 Aug  2  2017 ftp
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   43 Sep 11  2017 crash
drwxr-xr-x.  7 root root   77 Aug  8  2018 cache
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   19 Jan  4  2019 local
drwxr-xr-x. 54 root root 4096 Apr 19 13:26 lib
drwxrwxrwt.  4 root root  170 May 23 09:29 tmp
drwxr-xr-x. 25 root root 4096 Jul  8 03:44 log

ls --full-time  列出完整的日期与时间

[root@node03 var]# ls --full-time 
total 8
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 2016-11-05 23:38:36.000000000 +0800 adm
drwxr-xr-x.  7 root root   77 2018-08-08 10:49:27.452953419 +0800 cache
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   43 2017-09-11 14:25:15.596813443 +0800 crash
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   34 2017-07-12 13:38:46.224437568 +0800 db
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   18 2017-07-12 09:44:56.846472597 +0800 empty
drwxr-xr-x   3 root root   17 2017-08-02 13:43:14.948733198 +0800 ftp
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 2016-11-05 23:38:36.000000000 +0800 games
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 2016-11-05 23:38:36.000000000 +0800 gopher
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   18 2016-12-07 02:34:30.000000000 +0800 kerberos
drwxr-xr-x. 54 root root 4096 2019-04-19 13:26:49.160999903 +0800 lib
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root   19 2019-01-04 16:38:27.269193606 +0800 local
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root   11 2017-07-12 09:43:17.439286679 +0800 lock -> ../run/lock
drwxr-xr-x. 25 root root 4096 2019-07-08 03:44:01.313352571 +0800 log
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root   10 2017-07-12 09:43:18.126286549 +0800 mail -> spool/mail
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 2016-11-05 23:38:36.000000000 +0800 nis
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 2016-11-05 23:38:36.000000000 +0800 opt
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 2016-11-05 23:38:36.000000000 +0800 preserve
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root    6 2017-07-12 09:43:17.439286679 +0800 run -> ../run
drwxr-xr-x.  9 root root   97 2017-07-12 13:39:16.025100301 +0800 spool
drwxrwxrwt.  4 root root  170 2019-05-23 09:29:40.255563343 +0800 tmp
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root    6 2016-11-05 23:38:36.000000000 +0800 yp