我的tensorflow学习笔记（4）:logistic regression

logistic regression

1、MNIST数据集

    MNIST database（Mixed National Institute of Standards and Technology database）是手写数字的数据集。

（摘自MNIST机器学习入门)

    每一个MNIST数据单元有两部分组成：一张包含手写数字的图片和一个对应的标签。我们把这些图片设为“xs”，把这些标签设为“ys”。训练数据集和测试数据集都包含xs和ys，比如训练数据集的图片是 mnist.train.images ，训练数据集的标签是 mnist.train.labels。每一张图片包含28X28个像素点。因此，在MNIST训练数据集中，mnist.train.images 是一个形状为 [60000, 784] 的张量，第一个维度数字用来索引图片，第二个维度数字用来索引每张图片中的像素点。在此张量里的每一个元素，都表示某张图片里的某个像素的强度值，值介于0和1之间。

2、softmax回归

    softmax的定义为：

3、cross entropy

采用cross entropy（交叉熵）作为loss function：

其中y是预测概率分布，y'是实际分布，常常是one-hot向量。

4、批训练（batch）

    使用一小部分的随机数据来进行训练被称为随机训练（stochastic training）- 在这里更确切的说是随机梯度下降训练。在理想情况下，我们希望用我们所有的数据来进行每一步的训练，因为这能给我们更好的训练结果，但显然这需要很大的计算开销。所以，每一次训练我们可以使用不同的数据子集，这样做既可以减少计算开销，又可以最大化地学习到数据集的总体特性。

5、代码分析

import os
os.environ['TF_CPP_MIN_LOG_LEVEL']='2'

import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
import time

import utils

# Define paramaters for the model
learning_rate = 0.01
batch_size = 128
n_epochs = 30
n_train = 60000
n_test = 10000

# Step 1: Read in data
mnist_folder = 'data/mnist'
utils.download_mnist(mnist_folder)
train, val, test = utils.read_mnist(mnist_folder, flatten=True)

读取MNIST数据库

# Step 2: Create datasets and iterator
train_data = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(train)
train_data = train_data.shuffle(10000) # if you want to shuffle your data
train_data = train_data.batch(batch_size)

test_data = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(test)
test_data = test_data.batch(batch_size)

iterator = tf.data.Iterator.from_structure(train_data.output_types, 
                                           train_data.output_shapes)
img, label = iterator.get_next()

train_init = iterator.make_initializer(train_data)	# initializer for train_data
test_init = iterator.make_initializer(test_data)	# initializer for train_data

创建用于训练和测试的数据集

# Step 3: create weights and bias
# w is initialized to random variables with mean of 0, stddev of 0.01
# b is initialized to 0
# shape of w depends on the dimension of X and Y so that Y = tf.matmul(X, w)
# shape of b depends on Y
w = tf.get_variable(name='weights', shape=(784, 10), initializer=tf.random_normal_initializer(0, 0.01))
b = tf.get_variable(name='bias', shape=(1, 10), initializer=tf.zeros_initializer())

# Step 4: build model
# the model that returns the logits.
# this logits will be later passed through softmax layer
logits = tf.matmul(img, w) + b 

创建weight和bias矩阵，建立模型

# Step 5: define loss function
# use cross entropy of softmax of logits as the loss function
entropy = tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=logits, labels=label, name='entropy')
loss = tf.reduce_mean(entropy, name='loss') # computes the mean over all the examples in the batch

# Step 6: define training op
# using gradient descent with learning rate of 0.01 to minimize loss
optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(loss)

# Step 7: calculate accuracy with test set
preds = tf.nn.softmax(logits)
correct_preds = tf.equal(tf.argmax(preds, 1), tf.argmax(label, 1))
accuracy = tf.reduce_sum(tf.cast(correct_preds, tf.float32))

定义loss function，optimizer，以及测试正确率计算

with tf.Session() as sess:
   
    start_time = time.time()
    sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())

    # train the model n_epochs times
    for i in range(n_epochs): 	
        sess.run(train_init)	# drawing samples from train_data
        total_loss = 0
        n_batches = 0
        try:
            while True:
                _, l = sess.run([optimizer, loss])
                total_loss += l
                n_batches += 1
        except tf.errors.OutOfRangeError:
            pass
        print('Average loss epoch {0}: {1}'.format(i, total_loss/n_batches))
    print('Total time: {0} seconds'.format(time.time() - start_time))

    # test the model
    sess.run(test_init)			# drawing samples from test_data
    total_correct_preds = 0
    try:
        while True:
            accuracy_batch = sess.run(accuracy)
            total_correct_preds += accuracy_batch
    except tf.errors.OutOfRangeError:
        pass

    print('Accuracy {0}'.format(total_correct_preds/n_test))

执行session