XMl配置里的Bean自动装配
Spring IOC容器可以自动装配Bean,需要做的仅仅是在<bean>的autowire属性里指定自动装配的形式。有以下几种类型:
- byType(根据类型自动装配):若IOC容器中有多个与目标Bean类型一致的Bean,在这种情况下,Spring将无法判断哪个Bean最合适该属性,所以不能执行自动装配
- byName(根据名称自动装配):必须将目标Bean的名称和属性名设置的完全相同
- constructor(通过构造器自动装配):当Bean中存在多个构造器时,此种自动装配方式将会很复杂(不推荐使用)
示例:
首先新建Address,Person,Car类:
//Person类
public class Person {
private String name;
private Address address;
private Car car;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Address getAddress() {
return address;
}
public void setAddress(Address address) {
this.address = address;
}
public Car getCar() {
return car;
}
public void setCar(Car car) {
this.car = car;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person [name=" + name + ", address=" + address + ", car=" + car + "]";
}
}
//Address类
public class Address {
private String city, street;
public String getCity() {
return city;
}
public void setCity(String city) {
this.city = city;
}
public String getStreet() {
return street;
}
public void setStreet(String street) {
this.street = street;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Address [city=" + city + ", street=" + street + "]";
}
}
//Car类:
public class Car {
private String brand;
private double price;
public String getBrand() {
return brand;
}
public void setBrand(String brand) {
this.brand = brand;
}
public double getPrice() {
return price;
}
public void setPrice(double price) {
this.price = price;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Car [brand=" + brand + ", price=" + price + "]";
}
}
//Main方法:
package com.spring.beans.autowire;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans-autowire.xml");
Person person = (Person) ctx.getBean("person");
System.out.println(person);
}
}
然后按传统方式配置xml文件:bean-autowire.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd">
<bean id = "address" class = "com.spring.beans.autowire.Address" p:city = "Beijing" p:street="HuiLongGuan"></bean>
<bean id = "car" class = "com.spring.beans.autowire.Car" p:brand = "Audi" p:price="300000"></bean>
<bean id = "person" class = "com.spring.beans.autowire.Person" p:name="Tom" p:address-ref="address" p:car-ref="car"></bean>
</beans>
自动装配的代码如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd">
<bean id = "address" class = "com.spring.beans.autowire.Address" p:city = "Beijing" p:street="HuiLongGuan"></bean>
<bean id = "car" class = "com.spring.beans.autowire.Car" p:brand = "Audi" p:price="300000"></bean>
<!-- 传统方式
<bean id = "person" class = "com.spring.beans.autowire.Person" p:name="Tom"
p:address-ref="address" p:car-ref="car"></bean>
-->
<!-- 可以使用autowire属性指定自动装配的方式
byName根据bean的名字和当前bean的setter风格的属性名进行自动装配,若有匹配的则进行自动装配,反之则不装配
byType根据bean的类型和bean的属性的类型进行自动装配。如果IOC容器中有一个以上的类型匹配的Bean,则抛异常
-->
<bean id = "person" class = "com.spring.beans.autowire.Person"
p:name="Tom"
autowire="byName"></bean>
</beans>
其中在倒数第二行的 autowire="byName"> 就是按名字自动装配,这里需要注意的是:当使用按名字自动装配时需要将bean类的名字与xxx一样,否则就装配失败。
autowire=“byType”根据bean的类型和当前bean的属性的类型进行自动装配。如果IOC容器中有一个以上的类型匹配的Bean,则抛异常。
自动配置的缺点:
- 在Bean配置文件里设置autowire属性进行自动配置将会装配Bean的所有属性,然而若只希望装配个别属性时,autowire就不够灵活。比如在上面那个例子中,如果我只想自动装配Address属性,然后手动装配Car属性,那么这是不可行的
- autowire属性要么根据类型自动装配,要么根据名称自动装配,不能两者兼而有之
- 一般情况下,在实际的项目中很少使用自动装配功能,因为和自动装配功能带来的好处相比,明确清晰的配置文档更有说服力