Python-traceback:打印或检索堆栈回溯

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        该模块提供了一个标准接口来提取、格式化和打印 Python 程序的堆栈跟踪结果。它完全模仿Python 解释器在打印堆栈跟踪结果时的行为。当您想要在程序控制下打印堆栈跟踪结果时，例如在“封装”解释器时，这是非常有用的。

        这个模块使用 traceback 对象 —— 这是存储在 sys.last_traceback 中的对象类型变量，并作为 sys.exc_info() 的第三项被返回。

        因功能比较单一，这里只记录下使用示例，便于查找，参考下方代码：

import sys, traceback

def lumberjack():
    bright_side_of_death()

def bright_side_of_death():
    return tuple()[0]

try:
    lumberjack()
except IndexError:
    exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback = sys.exc_info()
    print("*** print_tb:")
    traceback.print_tb(exc_traceback, limit=1, file=sys.stdout)


    print("*** print_exception:")
    # exc_type below is ignored on 3.5 and later
    traceback.print_exception(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback,
                              limit=2, file=sys.stdout)

    print("*** print_exc:")
    traceback.print_exc(limit=2, file=sys.stdout)

    print("*** format_exc, first and last line:")
    formatted_lines = traceback.format_exc().splitlines()
    print(formatted_lines[0])
    print(formatted_lines[-1])

    print("*** format_exception:")
    # exc_type below is ignored on 3.5 and later
    print(repr(traceback.format_exception(exc_type, exc_value,
                                          exc_traceback)))
    
    print("*** extract_tb:")
    print(repr(traceback.extract_tb(exc_traceback)))

    print("*** format_tb:")
    print(repr(traceback.format_tb(exc_traceback)))

    print("*** tb_lineno:", exc_traceback.tb_lineno)

        执行的结果如下：

*** print_tb:
  File "traceback_demo.py", line 10, in <module>
    lumberjack()


*** print_exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "traceback_demo.py", line 10, in <module>
    lumberjack()
  File "traceback_demo.py", line 4, in lumberjack
    bright_side_of_death()
IndexError: tuple index out of range


*** print_exc:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "traceback_demo.py", line 10, in <module>
    lumberjack()
  File "traceback_demo.py", line 4, in lumberjack
    bright_side_of_death()
IndexError: tuple index out of range


*** format_exc, first and last line:
Traceback (most recent call last):
IndexError: tuple index out of range


*** format_exception:
['Traceback (most recent call last):\n', '  File "traceback_demo.py", line 10, in <module>\n    lumberjack()\n', '  File "traceback_demo.py", line 4, in lumberjack\n    bright_side_of_death()\n', '  File "traceback_demo.py", line 7, in bright_side_of_death\n    return tuple()[0]\n', 'IndexError: tuple index out of range\n']


*** extract_tb:
[<FrameSummary file traceback_demo.py, line 10 in <module>>, <FrameSummary file traceback_demo.py, line 4 in lumberjack>, <FrameSummary file traceback_demo.py, line 7 in bright_side_of_death>]


*** format_tb:
['  File "traceback_demo.py", line 10, in <module>\n    lumberjack()\n', '  File "traceback_demo.py", line 4, in lumberjack\n    bright_side_of_death()\n', '  File "traceback_demo.py", line 7, in bright_side_of_death\n    return tuple()[0]\n']


*** tb_lineno: 10