网卡基本工作原理
OSI七层模型:
OSI(Open SystemInterconnection),开放式系统互联参考模型 。它把网络协议从逻辑上分为了7层。通过七个层次使不同的系统网络之间实现可靠的通讯。
Linux四层模型:
OSI参考模型的过于庞大、复杂招致了许多批评。与此对照,由技术人员自己开发的TCP/IP协议栈获得了更为广泛的应用。
DM9000硬件结构:
主要由三部分组成 PHY、MAC、MII
从上图可见,MAC位于数据链路层,PHY位于物理层,MII位于他们之间。
MAC:
MAC主要负责数据帧的构建、数据差错检查、传送控制等。
PHY:
PHY是物理接口收发器,属于物理层,当它收到MAC过来的数据时,它会去加上校验码,然后按照物理层的规则进行数据编码,再发送到传输介质上。接收过程则相反。
MII:
MII:媒体独立接口, “媒体独立”表明MAC一定情况下,任何类型的PHY设备都可以正常工作。如果更换了PHY,同样可以正常工作。
DM9000编程接口 简介
DM9000有两个编程端口,分别是 Index接口 和 数据接口,在2440开发板上,他们的地址分别为0x20000300和0x20000304,其中‘2’表示片选地址,从内存地址分配图和硬件电路上的管脚可以看出,‘3’是根据数据手册中TXD算出来的,‘4’是需要CMD命令位为1。
DM9000驱动程序设计
头文件:
//dm9000 Ethernet
#define DM9000_ID 0x90000A46
#define DM9000_PKT_MAX 1536 /* Received packet max size */
#define DM9000_PKT_RDY 0x01 /* Packet ready to receive */
//although the registers are 16 bit, they are 32-bit aligned.
#define DM9000_NCR 0x00
#define DM9000_NSR 0x01
#define DM9000_TCR 0x02
#define DM9000_TSR1 0x03
#define DM9000_TSR2 0x04
#define DM9000_RCR 0x05
#define DM9000_RSR 0x06
#define DM9000_ROCR 0x07
#define DM9000_BPTR 0x08
#define DM9000_FCTR 0x09
#define DM9000_FCR 0x0A
#define DM9000_EPCR 0x0B
#define DM9000_EPAR 0x0C
#define DM9000_EPDRL 0x0D
#define DM9000_EPDRH 0x0E
#define DM9000_WCR 0x0F
#define DM9000_PAR 0x10
#define DM9000_MAR 0x16
#define DM9000_GPCR 0x1e
#define DM9000_GPR 0x1f
#define DM9000_TRPAL 0x22
#define DM9000_TRPAH 0x23
#define DM9000_RWPAL 0x24
#define DM9000_RWPAH 0x25
#define DM9000_VIDL 0x28
#define DM9000_VIDH 0x29
#define DM9000_PIDL 0x2A
#define DM9000_PIDH 0x2B
#define DM9000_CHIPR 0x2C
#define DM9000_SMCR 0x2F
#define DM9000_PHY 0x40 /* PHY address 0x01 */
#define DM9000_MRCMDX 0xF0
#define DM9000_MRCMD 0xF2
#define DM9000_MRRL 0xF4
#define DM9000_MRRH 0xF5
#define DM9000_MWCMDX 0xF6
#define DM9000_MWCMD 0xF8
#define DM9000_MWRL 0xFA
#define DM9000_MWRH 0xFB
#define DM9000_TXPLL 0xFC
#define DM9000_TXPLH 0xFD
#define DM9000_ISR 0xFE
#define DM9000_IMR 0xFF
#define NCR_EXT_PHY (1<<7)
#define NCR_WAKEEN (1<<6)
#define NCR_FCOL (1<<4)
#define NCR_FDX (1<<3)
#define NCR_LBK (3<<1)
#define NCR_LBK_INT_MAC (1<<1)
#define NCR_LBK_INT_PHY (2<<1)
#define NCR_RST (1<<0)
#define NSR_SPEED (1<<7)
#define NSR_LINKST (1<<6)
#define NSR_WAKEST (1<<5)
#define NSR_TX2END (1<<3)
#define NSR_TX1END (1<<2)
#define NSR_RXOV (1<<1)
#define TCR_TJDIS (1<<6)
#define TCR_EXCECM (1<<5)
#define TCR_PAD_DIS2 (1<<4)
#define TCR_CRC_DIS2 (1<<3)
#define TCR_PAD_DIS1 (1<<2)
#define TCR_CRC_DIS1 (1<<1)
#define TCR_TXREQ (1<<0)
#define TSR_TJTO (1<<7)
#define TSR_LC (1<<6)
#define TSR_NC (1<<5)
#define TSR_LCOL (1<<4)
#define TSR_COL (1<<3)
#define TSR_EC (1<<2)
#define RCR_WTDIS (1<<6)
#define RCR_DIS_LONG (1<<5)
#define RCR_DIS_CRC (1<<4)
#define RCR_ALL (1<<3)
#define RCR_RUNT (1<<2)
#define RCR_PRMSC (1<<1)
#define RCR_RXEN (1<<0)
#define RSR_RF (1<<7)
#define RSR_MF (1<<6)
#define RSR_LCS (1<<5)
#define RSR_RWTO (1<<4)
#define RSR_PLE (1<<3)
#define RSR_AE (1<<2)
#define RSR_CE (1<<1)
#define RSR_FOE (1<<0)
#define EPCR_EPOS_PHY (1<<3)
#define EPCR_EPOS_EE (0<<3)
#define EPCR_ERPRR (1<<2)
#define EPCR_ERPRW (1<<1)
#define EPCR_ERRE (1<<0)
#define FCTR_HWOT(ot) (( ot & 0xf ) << 4 )
#define FCTR_LWOT(ot) ( ot & 0xf )
#define BPTR_BPHW(x) ((x) << 4)
#define BPTR_JPT_200US (0x07)
#define BPTR_JPT_600US (0x0f)
#define IMR_PAR (1<<7)
#define IMR_ROOM (1<<3)
#define IMR_ROM (1<<2)
#define IMR_PTM (1<<1)
#define IMR_PRM (1<<0)
#define ISR_ROOS (1<<3)
#define ISR_ROS (1<<2)
#define ISR_PTS (1<<1)
#define ISR_PRS (1<<0)
#define GPCR_GPIO0_OUT (1<<0)
#define GPR_PHY_PWROFF (1<<0)
cpp文件:
#include "dm9000.h"
#define DM_ADD (*((volatile unsigned short *)0x20000300))
#define DM_DAT (*((volatile unsigned short *)0x20000304))
#define GPFCON (*(volatile unsigned *)0x56000050)//Port F control
#define EXTINT0 (*(volatile unsigned *)0x56000088)//External interrupt control register 0
#define EINTMASK (*(volatile unsigned *)0x560000a4)//External interrupt mask
#define SRCPND (*(volatile unsigned *)0x4a000000)//Interrupt request status
#define INTPND (*(volatile unsigned *)0x4a000010)//Interrupt request status
#define INTMSK (*(volatile unsigned *)0x4a000008)//Interrupt mask control
#define EINTPEND (*(volatile unsigned *)0x560000a8)//External interrupt pending
#define BWSCON (*(volatile unsigned *)0x48000000)//Bus width & wait status
#define BANKCON4 (*(volatile unsigned *)0x48000014)//BANK4 control
typedef unsigned int u32;
typedef unsigned short u16;
typedef unsigned char u8;
u8 mac_addr[6] = {9,8,7,6,5,4};
u8 buffer[1000];
void cs_init()
{
BWSCON = BWSCON & (~(0x3<<16));
BWSCON = BWSCON |(0x1<<16);
BANKCON4 = (0x0<<13)|(0x0<<11)|(0x7<<8)|(0x1<<6)|(0x0<<4)|(0x0<<2)|(0x0<<0);
}
void int_init()
{
GPFCON = GPFCON &(~(0x3<<14));
GPFCON = GPFCON |(0x2<<14);
EXTINT0 = EXTINT0 & (~(0x7<<28));
EXTINT0 = EXTINT0 | (0x1<<28);
INTMSK = INTMSK &(~(1<<4));
EINTMASK = EINTMASK & (~(0x1<<7));
SRCPND = (1<<4);
INTPND = (1<<4);
}
void dm9000_reg_write(u16 reg,u16 data)
{
DM_ADD = reg;
DM_DAT = data;
}
u8 dm9000_reg_read(u16 reg)
{
DM_ADD = reg;
return DM_DAT;
}
void dm9000_reset()
{
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_GPCR, GPCR_GPIO0_OUT);
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_GPR, 0);
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_NCR, (NCR_LBK_INT_MAC | NCR_RST));
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_NCR, 0);
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_NCR, (NCR_LBK_INT_MAC | NCR_RST));
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_NCR, 0);
}
void dm9000_probe(void)
{
u32 id_val;
id_val = dm9000_reg_read(DM9000_VIDL);
id_val |= dm9000_reg_read(DM9000_VIDH) << 8;
id_val |= dm9000_reg_read(DM9000_PIDL) << 16;
id_val |= dm9000_reg_read(DM9000_PIDH) << 24;
if (id_val == DM9000_ID) {
printf("dm9000 is found !\n");
return ;
} else {
printf("dm9000 is not found !\n");
return ;
}
}
void dm9000_init()
{
u32 i;
/*设置片选*/
cs_init();
/*中断初始化*/
int_init();
/*复位设备*/
dm9000_reset();
/*捕获dm9000*/
dm9000_probe();
/*MAC初始化*/
/* Program operating register, only internal phy supported */
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_NCR, 0x0);
/* TX Polling clear */
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_TCR, 0);
/* Less 3Kb, 200us */
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_BPTR, BPTR_BPHW(3) | BPTR_JPT_600US);
/* Flow Control : High/Low Water */
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_FCTR, FCTR_HWOT(3) | FCTR_LWOT(8));
/* SH FIXME: This looks strange! Flow Control */
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_FCR, 0x0);
/* Special Mode */
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_SMCR, 0);
/* clear TX status */
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_NSR, NSR_WAKEST | NSR_TX2END | NSR_TX1END);
/* Clear interrupt status */
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_ISR, ISR_ROOS | ISR_ROS | ISR_PTS | ISR_PRS);
/*填充MAC地址*/
for (i = 0; i < 6; i++)
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_PAR+i, mac_addr[i]);
/*激活DM9000*/
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_RCR, RCR_DIS_LONG | RCR_DIS_CRC | RCR_RXEN);
/* Enable TX/RX interrupt mask */
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_IMR, IMR_PAR);
}
void dm9000_tx(u8 *data,u32 length)
{
u32 i;
/*禁止中断*/
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_IMR,0x80);
/*写入发送数据的长度*/
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_TXPLL, length & 0xff);
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_TXPLH, (length >> 8) & 0xff);
/*写入待发送的数据*/
DM_ADD = DM9000_MWCMD;
for(i=0;i<length;i+=2)
{
DM_DAT = data[i] | (data[i+1]<<8);
}
/*启动发送*/
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_TCR, TCR_TXREQ);
/*等待发送结束*/
while(1)
{
u8 status;
status = dm9000_reg_read(DM9000_TCR);
if((status&0x01)==0x00)
break;
}
/*清除发送状态*/
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_NSR,0x2c);
/*恢复中断使能*/
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_IMR,0x81);
}
#define PTK_MAX_LEN 1522
u32 dm9000_rx(u8 *data)
{
u8 status,len;
u16 tmp;
u32 i;
/*判断是否产生中断,且清除*/
if(dm9000_reg_read(DM9000_ISR) & 0x01)
dm9000_reg_write(DM9000_ISR,0x01);
else
return 0;
/*空读*/
dm9000_reg_read(DM9000_MRCMDX);
/*读取状态*/
status = dm9000_reg_read(DM9000_MRCMD);
/*读取包长度*/
len = DM_DAT;
/*读取包数据*/
if(len<PTK_MAX_LEN)
{
for(i=0;i<len;i+=2)
{
tmp = DM_DAT;
data[i] = tmp & 0x0ff;
data[i+1] = (tmp>>8)&0x0ff;
}
}
}
void int_issue()
{
u32 i;
i = dm9000_rx(buffer);
SRCPND = (1<<4);
INTPND = (1<<4);
EINTPEND |= 1<<7;
}
ARP协议实现
ARP协议介绍:
1、以太网通讯格式
在计算机网络中,数据发送的过程,就是一个把数据按照各层协议层层封装的过程。在这个过程中,最终要使用的协议通常是以太网协议(数据链路层协议)。
目的MAC地址:接收者的物理地址
源MAC地址:发送者的物理地址
类型:标明高层的数据使用的协议类型
数据:高层的数据
CRC:校验码
2、ARP协议功能
ARP是网络层协议,封装在以太网包中。
在以太网络中,每台计算机的唯一身份标示是MAC地址(物理层的地址),两台计算机要进行通讯,也必须知道对方的MAC地址,但是用户通常只知道对方的IP地址,这个时候,就可以利用ARP(地址解析协议)来向局域网中的所有计算机发送ARP请求包,收到请求包且满足条件的计算机将回复ARP应答包,告知其MAC地址。所以ARP协议是一种利用IP地址或者MAC地址的协议。
3、ARP通讯格式
ARP包分为请求包和应答包,通过OP字段来区别。
编程实现ARP:
ARP协议的实现需要借助于DM9000芯片,因此同样需要DM9000的驱动程序。
头文件:
typedef unsigned int u32;
typedef unsigned short u16;
typedef unsigned char u8;
typedef struct eth_hdr
{
u8 d_mac[6];
u8 s_mac[6];
u16 type;
}ETH_HDR;
typedef struct arp_hdr
{
ETH_HDR ethhdr;
u16 hwtype;
u16 protocol;
u8 hwlen;
u8 protolen;
u16 opcode;
u8 smac[6];
u8 sipaddr[4];
u8 dmac[6];
u8 dipaddr[4];
}ARP_HDR;
ARP_HDR arpbuf;
extern u8 host_mac_addr[6];
extern u8 mac_addr[6];
extern u8 ip_addr[4];
extern u8 host_ip_addr[4];
extern u16 packet_len;
extern u8 *buffer;
CPP文件:
#include "arp.h"
//设置网络字节序
#define HON(n) ((((u16)((n) & 0xff)) << 8) | (((n) & 0xff00) >> 8))
/*1.发送arp请求包*/
void arp_request()
{
/*1.构成arp请求包*/
memcpy(arpbuf.ethhdr.d_mac,host_mac_addr,6);//目的mac地址需要全为F
memcpy(arpbuf.ethhdr.s_mac,mac_addr,6);
arpbuf.ethhdr.type = HON(0x0806);
arpbuf.hwtype = HON(1);
arpbuf.protocol = HON(0x0800);
arpbuf.hwlen = 6;
arpbuf.protolen = 4;
arpbuf.opcode = HON(1);
//不需要填目的mac
memcpy(arpbuf.smac,mac_addr,6);
memcpy(arpbuf.sipaddr,ip_addr,4);
memcpy(arpbuf.dipaddr,host_ip_addr,4);
packet_len = 14+28;
/*2.调用dm9000发送函数,发送应答包*/
dm9000_tx(buffer,packet_len);
}
/*2.解析arp应答包,提取mac*/
u8 arp_process()
{
u32 i;
if (packet_len<28)
return 0;
memcpy(host_ip_addr,arpbuf.sipaddr,4);
printf("host ip is : ");
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
printf("%03d ",host_ip_addr[i]);
printf("\n\r");
memcpy(host_mac_addr,arpbuf.smac,6);
printf("host mac is : ");
for(i=0;i<6;i++)
printf("%02x ",host_mac_addr[i]);
printf("\n\r");
}
注意:必须设置为网络字节序:大端模式