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Home Easy Guides R software Data Visualization ggplot2 - Essentials ggplot2 colors : How to change colors automatically and manually?

ggplot2 colors : How to change colors automatically and manually?
Tools
Prepare the data
Simple plots
Use a single color
Change colors by groups
Default colors
Change colors manually
Use RColorBrewer palettes
Use Wes Anderson color palettes
Use gray colors
Continuous colors
Gradient colors for scatter plots
Gradient colors for histogram plots
Gradient between n colors
Infos

The goal of this article is to describe how to change the color of a graph generated using R software and ggplot2 package. A color can be specified either by name (e.g.: “red”) or by hexadecimal code (e.g. : “#FF1234”). The different color systems available in R are described at this link : colors in R.

In this R tutorial, you will learn how to :

change colors by groups (automatically and manually)
use RColorBrewer and Wes Anderson color palettes
use gradient colors
ggplot2 color, graph, R software

Related Book:

GGPlot2 Essentials for Great Data Visualization in R
Prepare the data

ToothGrowth and mtcars data sets are used in the examples below.

Convert dose and cyl columns from numeric to factor variables

ToothGrowth$dose<-as.factor(ToothGrowth$dose)
mtcars$cyl<-as.factor(mtcars$cyl)
head(ToothGrowth)

len supp dose

1 4.2 VC 0.5

2 11.5 VC 0.5

3 7.3 VC 0.5

4 5.8 VC 0.5

5 6.4 VC 0.5

6 10.0 VC 0.5

head(mtcars)

mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb

Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 4 4

Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0 1 4 4

Datsun 710 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1 1 4 1

Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44 1 0 3 1

Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8 360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0 0 3 2

Valiant 18.1 6 225 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 1 0 3 1

Make sure that the columns dose and cyl are converted as factor variables using the R script above.

Simple plots

library(ggplot2)

Box plot

ggplot(ToothGrowth, aes(x=dose, y=len)) +geom_boxplot()

scatter plot

ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=wt, y=mpg)) + geom_point()
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Use a single color

box plot

ggplot(ToothGrowth, aes(x=dose, y=len)) +
geom_boxplot(fill=’#A4A4A4’, color=“darkred”)

scatter plot

ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=wt, y=mpg)) +
geom_point(color=‘darkblue’)
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Change colors by groups

Default colors

The following R code changes the color of the graph by the levels of dose :

Box plot

bp<-ggplot(ToothGrowth, aes(x=dose, y=len, fill=dose)) +
geom_boxplot()
bp

Scatter plot

sp<-ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=wt, y=mpg, color=cyl)) + geom_point()
sp
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

The lightness (l) and the chroma (c, intensity of color) of the default (hue) colors can be modified using the functions scale_hue as follow :

Box plot

bp + scale_fill_hue(l=40, c=35)

Scatter plot

sp + scale_color_hue(l=40, c=35)
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Note that, the default values for l and c are : l = 65, c = 100.

Change colors manually

A custom color palettes can be specified using the functions :

scale_fill_manual() for box plot, bar plot, violin plot, etc
scale_color_manual() for lines and points

Box plot

bp + scale_fill_manual(values=c("#999999", “#E69F00”, “#56B4E9”))

Scatter plot

sp + scale_color_manual(values=c("#999999", “#E69F00”, “#56B4E9”))
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Note that, the argument breaks can be used to control the appearance of the legend. This holds true also for the other scale_xx() functions.

Box plot

bp + scale_fill_manual(breaks = c(“2”, “1”, “0.5”),
values=c(“red”, “blue”, “green”))

Scatter plot

sp + scale_color_manual(breaks = c(“8”, “6”, “4”),
values=c(“red”, “blue”, “green”))
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

The built-in color names and a color code chart are described here : color in R.

Use RColorBrewer palettes

The color palettes available in the RColorBrewer package are described here : color in R.

Box plot

bp + scale_fill_brewer(palette=“Dark2”)

Scatter plot

sp + scale_color_brewer(palette=“Dark2”)
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

The available color palettes in the RColorBrewer package are :

RColorBrewer palettes

Use Wes Anderson color palettes

Install and load the color palettes as follow :

Install

install.packages(“wesanderson”)

Load

library(wesanderson)
The available color palettes are :

wesanderson-color palettes

library(wesanderson)

Box plot

bp+scale_fill_manual(values=wes_palette(n=3, name=“GrandBudapest”))

Scatter plot

sp+scale_color_manual(values=wes_palette(n=3, name=“GrandBudapest”))
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Use gray colors

The functions to use are :

scale_colour_grey() for points, lines, etc
scale_fill_grey() for box plot, bar plot, violin plot, etc

Box plot

bp + scale_fill_grey() + theme_classic()

Scatter plot

sp + scale_color_grey() + theme_classic()
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Change the gray value at the low and the high ends of the palette :

Box plot

bp + scale_fill_grey(start=0.8, end=0.2) + theme_classic()

Scatter plot

sp + scale_color_grey(start=0.8, end=0.2) + theme_classic()
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Note that, the default value for the arguments start and end are : start = 0.2, end = 0.8

Continuous colors

The graph can be colored according to the values of a continuous variable using the functions :

scale_color_gradient(), scale_fill_gradient() for sequential gradients between two colors
scale_color_gradient2(), scale_fill_gradient2() for diverging gradients
scale_color_gradientn(), scale_fill_gradientn() for gradient between n colors
Gradient colors for scatter plots

The graphs are colored using the qsec continuous variable :

Color by qsec values

sp2<-ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=wt, y=mpg, color=qsec)) + geom_point()
sp2

Change the low and high colors

Sequential color scheme

sp2+scale_color_gradient(low=“blue”, high=“red”)

Diverging color scheme

mid<-mean(mtcars$qsec)
sp2+scale_color_gradient2(midpoint=mid, low=“blue”, mid=“white”,
high=“red”, space =“Lab” )
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Gradient colors for histogram plots

set.seed(1234)
x <- rnorm(200)

Histogram

hp<-qplot(x =x, fill=…count…, geom=“histogram”)
hp

Sequential color scheme

hp+scale_fill_gradient(low=“blue”, high=“red”)
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Note that, the functions scale_color_continuous() and scale_fill_continuous() can be used also to set gradient colors.

Gradient between n colors

Scatter plot

Color points by the mpg variable

sp3<-ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=wt, y=mpg, color=mpg)) + geom_point()
sp3

Gradient between n colors

sp3+scale_color_gradientn(colours = rainbow(5))
ggplot2 color, graph, R softwareggplot2 color, graph, R software

Infos

This analysis has been performed using R software (ver. 3.1.2) and ggplot2 (ver. 1.0.0)

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