深入解析Spring Boot的依赖和自动配置

Spring Boot不需要像传统Spring MVC项目一样需要一些很复杂的配置，那你们有没有想过到底为什么是这样的呢？

下面以最常用的Spring MVC为例进行说明。首先打开Maven的本地仓库，找到对应Spring Boot的文件夹，可以看到如下图所示的目录。

这里先谈spring-boot-start-web的内容，未来还会谈到spring-boot-autoconfigure文件夹的内容，所以图 2-10 中一并加了框。打开spring-boot-start-web文件夹（我的在C:\Users\Administrator.m2\repository\org\springframework\boot\spring-boot-starter-web），就可以看到一个名为spring-boot- starter-web-2.0.0.RELEASE.pom的文件，打开它就可以看到如下代码。

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd" xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
  <!-- This module was also published with a richer model, Gradle metadata,  -->
  <!-- which should be used instead. Do not delete the following line which  -->
  <!-- is to indicate to Gradle or any Gradle module metadata file consumer  -->
  <!-- that they should prefer consuming it instead. -->
  <!-- do_not_remove: published-with-gradle-metadata -->
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
  <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
  <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
  <version>2.4.4</version>
  <name>spring-boot-starter-web</name>
  <description>Starter for building web, including RESTful, applications using Spring MVC. Uses Tomcat as the default embedded container</description>
  <url>https://spring.io/projects/spring-boot</url>
  <organization>
    <name>Pivotal Software, Inc.</name>
    <url>https://spring.io</url>
  </organization>
  <licenses>
    <license>
      <name>Apache License, Version 2.0</name>
      <url>https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0</url>
    </license>
  </licenses>
  <developers>
    <developer>
      <name>Pivotal</name>
      <email>info@pivotal.io</email>
      <organization>Pivotal Software, Inc.</organization>
      <organizationUrl>https://www.spring.io</organizationUrl>
    </developer>
  </developers>
  <scm>
    <connection>scm:git:git://github.com/spring-projects/spring-boot.git</connection>
    <developerConnection>scm:git:ssh://git@github.com/spring-projects/spring-boot.git</developerConnection>
    <url>https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-boot</url>
  </scm>
  <issueManagement>
    <system>GitHub</system>
    <url>https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-boot/issues</url>
  </issueManagement>
  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
    <!-- Spring Boot 依赖-->
      <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
      <version>2.4.4</version>
      <scope>compile</scope>
    </dependency>
	<!-- JSON 依赖-->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-json</artifactId>
      <version>2.4.4</version>
      <scope>compile</scope>
    </dependency>
    <!-- Tomcat 依赖-->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
      <version>2.4.4</version>
      <scope>compile</scope>
    </dependency>
    <!-- Spring Web 依赖-->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
      <version>5.3.5</version>
      <scope>compile</scope>
    </dependency>
    <!-- Spring Web MVC 依赖-->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
      <version>5.3.5</version>
      <scope>compile</scope>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>
</project>

从这里可以看出，当加入spring-boot-starter-web后，它会通过Maven将对应的资源加载到我们的工程中，这样便能够形成依赖。但是这样还不足以运行Spring MVC项目，要运行它还需要对Spring MVC进行配置，让它能够生产Spring MVC所需的对象，才能启用Spring MVC，所以还需要进一步探讨。

为了探讨Spring MVC在Spring Boot自动配置的问题，首先在本地下载的Maven仓库的目录spring-boot-autoconfigure中找到spring-boot-autoconfigure-2.0.0.RELEASE-sources.jar的包。它是一个源码包，把它解压缩出来，打开它目录下的子目录org\springframework\boot\autoconfigure\web\servlet后，我们就可以看到许多配置类，如下图所示。

这里可以看到存在很多的类，其中加框的类DispatcherServletAutoConfiguration就是一个对DispatcherServlet进行自动配置的类。