1.2 抽象工厂 Abstract Factory

专业描述 抽象工厂模式是一种创建型设计模式， 它能创建一系列相关的对象， 而无需指定其具体类。

抽象工厂模式结构

1. 抽象产品 （Abstract Product） 为构成系列产品的一组不同但相关的产品声明接口。

2. 具体产品 （Concrete Product） 是抽象产品的多种不同类型实现。 所有变体 （维多利亚/现代） 都必须实现相应的抽象产品 （椅子/沙发）。

3. 抽象工厂 （Abstract Factory） 接口声明了一组创建各种抽象产品的方法。

4. 具体工厂 （Concrete Factory） 实现抽象工厂的构建方法。 每个具体工厂都对应特定产品变体， 且仅创建此种产品变体。

5. 尽管具体工厂会对具体产品进行初始化， 其构建方法签名必须返回相应的抽象产品。 这样， 使用工厂类的客户端代码就不会与工厂创建的特定产品变体耦合。 客户端 （Client） 只需通过抽象接口调用工厂和产品对象， 就能与任何具体工厂/产品变体交互。

实现方法：

1. 以不同的产品类型与产品变体为维度绘制矩阵。
2. 为所有产品声明抽象产品接口。 然后让所有具体产品类实现这些接口。
3. 声明抽象工厂接口， 并且在接口中为所有抽象产品提供一组构建方法。
4. 为每种产品变体实现一个具体工厂类。
5. 在应用程序中开发初始化代码。 该代码根据应用程序配置或当前环境， 对特定具体工厂类进行初始化。 然后将该工厂对象传递给所有需要创建产品的类。
6. 找出代码中所有对产品构造函数的直接调用， 将其替换为对工厂对象中相应构建方法的调用。

C++算法概念示例：

/**
 * Each distinct product of a product family should have a base interface. All
 * variants of the product must implement this interface.
 */
class AbstractProductA {
 public:
  virtual ~AbstractProductA(){};
  virtual std::string UsefulFunctionA() const = 0;
};

/**
 * Concrete Products are created by corresponding Concrete Factories.
 */
class ConcreteProductA1 : public AbstractProductA {
 public:
  std::string UsefulFunctionA() const override {
    return "The result of the product A1.";
  }
};

class ConcreteProductA2 : public AbstractProductA {
  std::string UsefulFunctionA() const override {
    return "The result of the product A2.";
  }
};

/**
 * Here's the the base interface of another product. All products can interact
 * with each other, but proper interaction is possible only between products of
 * the same concrete variant.
 */
class AbstractProductB {
  /**
   * Product B is able to do its own thing...
   */
 public:
  virtual ~AbstractProductB(){};
  virtual std::string UsefulFunctionB() const = 0;
  /**
   * ...but it also can collaborate with the ProductA.
   *
   * The Abstract Factory makes sure that all products it creates are of the
   * same variant and thus, compatible.
   */
  virtual std::string AnotherUsefulFunctionB(const AbstractProductA &collaborator) const = 0;
};

/**
 * Concrete Products are created by corresponding Concrete Factories.
 */
class ConcreteProductB1 : public AbstractProductB {
 public:
  std::string UsefulFunctionB() const override {
    return "The result of the product B1.";
  }
  /**
   * The variant, Product B1, is only able to work correctly with the variant,
   * Product A1. Nevertheless, it accepts any instance of AbstractProductA as an
   * argument.
   */
  std::string AnotherUsefulFunctionB(const AbstractProductA &collaborator) const override {
    const std::string result = collaborator.UsefulFunctionA();
    return "The result of the B1 collaborating with ( " + result + " )";
  }
};

class ConcreteProductB2 : public AbstractProductB {
 public:
  std::string UsefulFunctionB() const override {
    return "The result of the product B2.";
  }
  /**
   * The variant, Product B2, is only able to work correctly with the variant,
   * Product A2. Nevertheless, it accepts any instance of AbstractProductA as an
   * argument.
   */
  std::string AnotherUsefulFunctionB(const AbstractProductA &collaborator) const override {
    const std::string result = collaborator.UsefulFunctionA();
    return "The result of the B2 collaborating with ( " + result + " )";
  }
};

/**
 * The Abstract Factory interface declares a set of methods that return
 * different abstract products. These products are called a family and are
 * related by a high-level theme or concept. Products of one family are usually
 * able to collaborate among themselves. A family of products may have several
 * variants, but the products of one variant are incompatible with products of
 * another.
 */
class AbstractFactory {
 public:
  virtual AbstractProductA *CreateProductA() const = 0;
  virtual AbstractProductB *CreateProductB() const = 0;
};

/**
 * Concrete Factories produce a family of products that belong to a single
 * variant. The factory guarantees that resulting products are compatible. Note
 * that signatures of the Concrete Factory's methods return an abstract product,
 * while inside the method a concrete product is instantiated.
 */
class ConcreteFactory1 : public AbstractFactory {
 public:
  AbstractProductA *CreateProductA() const override {
    return new ConcreteProductA1();
  }
  AbstractProductB *CreateProductB() const override {
    return new ConcreteProductB1();
  }
};

/**
 * Each Concrete Factory has a corresponding product variant.
 */
class ConcreteFactory2 : public AbstractFactory {
 public:
  AbstractProductA *CreateProductA() const override {
    return new ConcreteProductA2();
  }
  AbstractProductB *CreateProductB() const override {
    return new ConcreteProductB2();
  }
};

/**
 * The client code works with factories and products only through abstract
 * types: AbstractFactory and AbstractProduct. This lets you pass any factory or
 * product subclass to the client code without breaking it.
 */

void ClientCode(const AbstractFactory &factory) {
  const AbstractProductA *product_a = factory.CreateProductA();
  const AbstractProductB *product_b = factory.CreateProductB();
  std::cout << product_b->UsefulFunctionB() << "\n";
  std::cout << product_b->AnotherUsefulFunctionB(*product_a) << "\n";
  delete product_a;
  delete product_b;
}

int main() {
  std::cout << "Client: Testing client code with the first factory type:\n";
  ConcreteFactory1 *f1 = new ConcreteFactory1();
  ClientCode(*f1);
  delete f1;
  std::cout << std::endl;
  std::cout << "Client: Testing the same client code with the second factory type:\n";
  ConcreteFactory2 *f2 = new ConcreteFactory2();
  ClientCode(*f2);
  delete f2;
  return 0;
}