2.1 适配器 wrapper adapter

专业描述 它能使接口不兼容的对象能够相互合作。

真实世界类比 如果你是第一次从美国到欧洲旅行， 那么在给笔记本充电时可能会大吃一惊。 不同国家的电源插头和插座标准不同。 美国插头和德国插座不匹配。 同时提供美国标准插座和欧洲标准插头的电源适配器可以解决你的难题。

适配器模式结构

• 对象适配器
  

1. 客户端 （Client） 是包含当前程序业务逻辑的类。

2. 客户端接口 （Client Interface） 描述了其他类与客户端代码合作时必须遵循的协议。

3. 服务 （Service） 中有一些功能类 （通常来自第三方或遗留系统）。 客户端与其接口不兼容， 因此无法直接调用其功能。

4. 适配器 （Adapter） 是一个可以同时与客户端和服务交互的类： 它在实现客户端接口的同时封装了服务对象。 适配器接受客户端通过适配器接口发起的调用， 并将其转换为适用于被封装服务对象的调用。

5. 客户端代码只需通过接口与适配器交互即可， 无需与具体的适配器类耦合。 因此， 你可以向程序中添加新类型的适配器而无需修改已有代码。 这在服务类的接口被更改或替换时很有用： 你无需修改客户端代码就可以创建新的适配器类。

• 类适配器
  

1. 类适配器不需要封装任何对象， 因为它同时继承了客户端和服务的行为。 适配功能在重写的方法中完成。 最后生成的适配器可替代已有的客户端类进行使用。

实现方法：

1. 确保至少有两个类的接口不兼容
2. 声明客户端接口，描述客户端如何与服务交互
3. 创建遵循客户端接口的适配类。所有方法暂时都为空
4. 在适配器类中添加一个成员变量用于保存对于服务对象的引用。 通常情况下会通过构造函数对该成员变量进行初始化， 但有时在调用其方法时将该变量传递给适配器会更方便。
5. 依次实现适配器类客户端接口的所有方法。 适配器会将实际工作委派给服务对象， 自身只负责接口或数据格式的转换。
6. 客户端必须通过客户端接口使用适配器。 这样一来， 你就可以在不影响客户端代码的情况下修改或扩展适配器。

C++算法概念示例：

#include <stack>
#include <algorithm>
#include <string.h>
#include <string>
#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <vector>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <assert.h>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <cmath>
/**
 * The Target defines the domain-specific interface used by the client code.
 */
class Target {
 public:
  virtual ~Target() = default;

  virtual std::string Request() const {
    return "Target: The default target's behavior.";
  }
};

/**
 * The Adaptee contains some useful behavior, but its interface is incompatible
 * with the existing client code. The Adaptee needs some adaptation before the
 * client code can use it.
 */
class Adaptee {
 public:
  std::string SpecificRequest() const {
    return ".eetpadA eht fo roivaheb laicepS";
  }
};

/**
 * The Adapter makes the Adaptee's interface compatible with the Target's
 * interface.
 */
class Adapter : public Target {
 private:
  Adaptee *adaptee_;

 public:
  Adapter(Adaptee *adaptee) : adaptee_(adaptee) {}
  std::string Request() const override {
    std::string to_reverse = this->adaptee_->SpecificRequest();
    std::reverse(to_reverse.begin(), to_reverse.end());
    return "Adapter: (TRANSLATED) " + to_reverse;
  }
};

/**
 * The client code supports all classes that follow the Target interface.
 */
void ClientCode(const Target *target) {
  std::cout << target->Request();
}

int main() {
  std::cout << "Client: I can work just fine with the Target objects:\n";
  Target *target = new Target;
  ClientCode(target);
  std::cout << "\n\n";
  Adaptee *adaptee = new Adaptee;
  std::cout << "Client: The Adaptee class has a weird interface. See, I don't understand it:\n";
  std::cout << "Adaptee: " << adaptee->SpecificRequest();
  std::cout << "\n\n";
  std::cout << "Client: But I can work with it via the Adapter:\n";
  Adapter *adapter = new Adapter(adaptee);
  ClientCode(adapter);
  std::cout << "\n";

  delete target;
  delete adaptee;
  delete adapter;

  return 0;
}

output:

Client: I can work just fine with the Target objects:
Target: The default target's behavior.

Client: The Adaptee class has a weird interface. See, I don't understand it:
Adaptee: .eetpadA eht fo roivaheb laicepS

Client: But I can work with it via the Adapter:
Adapter: (TRANSLATED) Special behavior of the Adaptee.

C++算法多重继承示例：

/**
 * The Target defines the domain-specific interface used by the client code.
 */
class Target {
 public:
  virtual ~Target() = default;
  virtual std::string Request() const {
    return "Target: The default target's behavior.";
  }
};

/**
 * The Adaptee contains some useful behavior, but its interface is incompatible
 * with the existing client code. The Adaptee needs some adaptation before the
 * client code can use it.
 */
class Adaptee {
 public:
  std::string SpecificRequest() const {
    return ".eetpadA eht fo roivaheb laicepS";
  }
};

/**
 * The Adapter makes the Adaptee's interface compatible with the Target's
 * interface using multiple inheritance.
 */
class Adapter : public Target, public Adaptee {
 public:
  Adapter() {}
  std::string Request() const override {
    std::string to_reverse = SpecificRequest();
    std::reverse(to_reverse.begin(), to_reverse.end());
    return "Adapter: (TRANSLATED) " + to_reverse;
  }
};

/**
 * The client code supports all classes that follow the Target interface.
 */
void ClientCode(const Target *target) {
  std::cout << target->Request();
}

int main() {
  std::cout << "Client: I can work just fine with the Target objects:\n";
  Target *target = new Target;
  ClientCode(target);
  std::cout << "\n\n";
  Adaptee *adaptee = new Adaptee;
  std::cout << "Client: The Adaptee class has a weird interface. See, I don't understand it:\n";
  std::cout << "Adaptee: " << adaptee->SpecificRequest();
  std::cout << "\n\n";
  std::cout << "Client: But I can work with it via the Adapter:\n";
  Adapter *adapter = new Adapter;
  ClientCode(adapter);
  std::cout << "\n";

  delete target;
  delete adaptee;
  delete adapter;

  return 0;
}

output:

Client: I can work just fine with the Target objects:
Target: The default target's behavior.

Client: The Adaptee class has a weird interface. See, I don't understand it:
Adaptee: .eetpadA eht fo roivaheb laicepS

Client: But I can work with it via the Adapter:
Adapter: (TRANSLATED) Special behavior of the Adaptee.