第一章 time基础知识
sleep()-------以秒为单位
#include<unistd.h>
unsigned int sleep(unsigned int seconds);
return：若进程暂停到参数seconds 所指定的时间，成功则返回0，若有信号中断则返回剩余秒数。
在linux中，sleep是通过nanosleep实现的。在一些其他系统中（例如POSIX.1），它是通过alarm()来实现的。
usleep()----以微秒为单位
#include<unistd.h>
unsigned int usleep(unsigned int useconds);
return：若进程暂停到参数seconds 所指定的时间，成功则返回0，若有信号中断则返回剩余微秒数。
nanosleep( )---------以纳秒为单位
#include<time.h>
struct timespec
{
time_t tv_sec; /* 秒seconds */
long tv_nsec; /* 纳秒nanoseconds */
};
int nanosleep(const struct timespec *req, struct timespec *rem);
return: 若进程暂停到参数*req所指定的时间，成功则返回0，若有信号中断则返回-1，并且将剩余微秒数记录在*rem中。
req->tv_sec是以秒为单位，而tv_nsec以毫微秒为单位（10的-9次方秒）。
由于调用nanosleep是是进程进入TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE,这种状态是会相应信号而进入TASK_RUNNING状态的。
1.1 linux下用time(NULL)函数和localtime()获取当前时间
1.1.2 time_t time(time_t *timer)
函数原型： time_t time(time_t *timer)
函数用途： 得到机器的日历时间或者设置日历时间
头 文 件： time.h
输入参数： timer=NULL时，得到机器日历时间, =时间数值时 用于设置日历时间;time_t是一个long类型
1.1.3 struct tm *localtime(const time_t *timer)
函数原型： struct tm *localtime(const time_t *timer)
函数用途： 返回一个以tm结构表达的机器时间信息
头 文 件： time.h
输入参数： timer:使用time()函数获得的机器时间；
//结构tm的定义为：
struct tm
{
int tm_sec; /* Seconds: 0-59 (K&R says 0-61?) */
int tm_min; /* Minutes: 0-59 */
int tm_hour; /* Hours since midnight: 0-23 */
int tm_mday; /* Day of the month: 1-31 */
int tm_mon; /* Months *since* january: 0-11 */
int tm_year; /* Years since 1900 */
int tm_wday; /* Days since Sunday (0-6) */
int tm_yday; /* Days since Jan. 1: 0-365 */
int tm_isdst; /* +1 Daylight Savings Time, 0 No DST, 夏令时，0无夏令时
* -1 don't know */
};
1.2 struct timeval
/*
* Structure used in select() call, taken from the BSD file sys/time.h.
*/
struct timeval {
long tv_sec; /* seconds */
long tv_usec; /* and microseconds */
};
tv_sec 代表多少秒
tv_usec 代表多少微秒 1000000 微秒 = 1秒
1.2.1 使用例程
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/time.h>
#include<unistd.h>
void hello_world(void)
{
printf("Hello world!!!!\r\n");
}
int main(void)
{
struct timeval tv_begin,tv_end;
gettimeofday(&tv_begin,NULL);
hello_world();
gettimeofday(&tv_end,NULL);
printf("tv_begin_sec:%ld\n",tv_begin.tv_sec);
printf("tv_begin_usec:%ld\n",tv_begin.tv_usec);
printf("tv_end_sec:%ld\n",tv_end.tv_sec);
printf("tv_end_usec:%ld\n",tv_end.tv_usec);
return 0;
}
1.3 struct timespec
下面是struct timespec的定义
struct timespec
{
__time_t tv_sec; /* Seconds. */
long tv_nsec; /* Nanoseconds. */
};
可以通过 int clock_gettime(clockid_t clk_id, struct timespec *tp)来获取
参数 clk_id : 检索和设置的clk_id指定的时钟时间。可以设置如下：
- CLOCK_REALTIME:系统实时时间,随系统实时时间改变而改变,即从UTC1970-1-1 0:0:0开始计时,如果系统时间被用户改成其他,则对应的时间相应改变
- CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE：和CLOCK_REALTIME类似，但是执行速度快，精度低
- CLOCK_MONOTONIC:从系统启动这一刻起开始计时,不受系统时间被用户改变的影响
- CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE ：和CLOCK_MONOTONIC类似，但是执行速度快，精度低
- CLOCK_BOOTTIME：和CLOCK_MONOTONIC 类似，但是包括了系统休眠的时间。
- CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID:本进程到当前代码系统CPU花费的时间
- CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID:本线程到当前代码系统CPU花费的时间
参数：tp 返回时间值
- 返回值 0成功， 1失败。
例如
struct timespec ts;
clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &ts);
1.3.1 使用例程
#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
// 返回自系统开机以来的毫秒数（tick）
unsigned long GetTickCount()
{
struct timespec ts;
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
return (ts.tv_sec * 1000 + ts.tv_nsec / 1000000);
}
int main()
{
struct timespec time1 = { 0, 0 };
clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &time1);
printf("CLOCK_REALTIME: %ld, %ld\n", time1.tv_sec, time1.tv_nsec);
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &time1);
printf("CLOCK_MONOTONIC: %ld, %ld\n", time1.tv_sec, time1.tv_nsec);
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW, &time1);
printf("CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW: %ld, %ld\n", time1.tv_sec, time1.tv_nsec);
clock_gettime(CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, &time1);
printf("CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID: %ld, %ld\n", time1.tv_sec,
time1.tv_nsec);
clock_gettime(CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID, &time1);
printf("CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID: %ld, %ld\n", time1.tv_sec,
time1.tv_nsec);
printf("\n%ld\n", time(NULL));
printf("tick count in ms: %lu\n", GetTickCount());
return 0;
}
运行结果：
1.4 evutil_time.c中的应用
快速确定linux下long long最大值
#define INT_MAX ((int)(~0U>>1))
#define INT_MIN (-INT_MAX - 1)
#define UINT_MAX (~0U)
#define LONG_MAX ((long)(~0UL>>1))
#define LONG_MIN (-LONG_MAX - 1)
#define ULONG_MAX (~0UL)
#define LLONG_MAX ((long long)(~0ULL>>1))
#define LLONG_MIN (-LLONG_MAX - 1)
#define ULLONG_MAX (~0ULL)
/* Define to 1 if you have the <memory.h> header file. */
#define EVENT__HAVE_MEMORY_H 1
/* Define to 1 if you have the `mmap' function. */
#define EVENT__HAVE_MMAP 1
/* Define to 1 if you have the `nanosleep' function. */
#define EVENT__HAVE_NANOSLEEP 1
/* Define to 1 if you have the <netdb.h> header file. */
#define EVENT__HAVE_NETDB_H 1
/* Define to 1 if you have the <netinet/in6.h> header file. */
/* #undef EVENT__HAVE_NETINET_IN6_H */
/* Define to 1 if you have the <netinet/in.h> header file. */
#define EVENT__HAVE_NETINET_IN_H 1
/* Define to 1 if you have the <netinet/tcp.h> header file. */
#define EVENT__HAVE_NETINET_TCP_H 1
/* On Linux kernels at least up to 2.6.24.4, epoll can't handle timeout
* values bigger than (LONG_MAX - 999ULL)/HZ. HZ in the wild can be
* as big as 1000, and LONG_MAX can be as small as (1<<31)-1, so the
* largest number of msec we can support here is 2147482. Let's
* round that down by 47 seconds.
* /
long evutil_tv_to_msec_(const struct timeval *tv)
{
if (tv->tv_usec > 1000000 || tv->tv_sec > MAX_SECONDS_IN_MSEC_LONG)
return -1;
return (tv->tv_sec * 1000) + ((tv->tv_usec + 999) / 1000);
}
/*
Replacement for usleep on platforms that don't have one. Not guaranteed to
be any more finegrained than 1 msec.
*/
void
evutil_usleep_(const struct timeval *tv)
{
if (!tv)
return;
#if defined(_WIN32)
{
long msec = evutil_tv_to_msec_(tv);
Sleep((DWORD)msec);
}
#elif defined(EVENT__HAVE_NANOSLEEP)
{
struct timespec ts;
ts.tv_sec = tv->tv_sec;
ts.tv_nsec = tv->tv_usec*1000;
nanosleep(&ts, NULL);
}
#elif defined(EVENT__HAVE_USLEEP)
/* Some systems don't like to usleep more than 999999 usec */
sleep(tv->tv_sec);
usleep(tv->tv_usec);
#else
{
struct timeval tv2 = *tv;
select(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv2);
}
#endif
}
int evutil_date_rfc1123(char *date, const size_t datelen, const struct tm *tm)
{
static const char *DAYS[] =
{ "Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat" };
static const char *MONTHS[] =
{ "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec" };
time_t t = time(NULL);
#ifndef _WIN32
struct tm sys;
#endif
/* If `tm` is null, set system's current time. */
if (tm == NULL) {
#ifdef _WIN32
/** TODO: detect _gmtime64()/_gmtime64_s() */
tm = gmtime(&t);
#else
gmtime_r(&t, &sys);
tm = &sys;
#endif
}
return evutil_snprintf(
date, datelen, "%s, %02d %s %4d %02d:%02d:%02d GMT",
DAYS[tm->tm_wday], tm->tm_mday, MONTHS[tm->tm_mon],
1900 + tm->tm_year, tm->tm_hour, tm->tm_min, tm->tm_sec);
}
/*
This function assumes it's called repeatedly with a
not-actually-so-monotonic time source whose outputs are in 'tv'. It
implements a trivial ratcheting mechanism so that the values never go
backwards.
*/
static void adjust_monotonic_time(struct evutil_monotonic_timer *base, struct timeval *tv)
{
evutil_timeradd(tv, &base->adjust_monotonic_clock, tv);
if (evutil_timercmp(tv, &base->last_time, <)) {
/* Guess it wasn't monotonic after all. */
struct timeval adjust;
evutil_timersub(&base->last_time, tv, &adjust);
evutil_timeradd(&adjust, &base->adjust_monotonic_clock,
&base->adjust_monotonic_clock);
*tv = base->last_time;
}
base->last_time = *tv;
}
/*
Allocate a new struct evutil_monotonic_timer
*/
struct evutil_monotonic_timer *
evutil_monotonic_timer_new(void)
{
struct evutil_monotonic_timer *p = NULL;
p = mm_malloc(sizeof(*p));
if (!p) goto done;
memset(p, 0, sizeof(*p));
done:
return p;
}
1.5 linux timerfd系列函数总结
1.5.1 timerfd系列函数
timerfd是Linux为用户程序提供的一个定时器接口。这个接口基于文件描述符，通过文件描述符的可读事件进行超时通知，因此可以配合select/poll/epoll等使用。
下面对timerfd系列函数先做一个简单的介绍：
- timerfd_create()函数
#include <sys/timerfd.h>
int timerfd_create(int clockid, int flags);
/*
timerfd_create（）函数创建一个定时器对象，同时返回一个与之关联的文件描述符。
clockid：clockid标识指定的时钟计数器，可选值（CLOCK_REALTIME、CLOCK_MONOTONIC。。。）
CLOCK_REALTIME:系统实时时间,随系统实时时间改变而改变,即从UTC1970-1-1 0:0:0开始计时,中间时刻如果系统时间被用户改成其他,则对应的时间相应改变
CLOCK_MONOTONIC:从系统启动这一刻起开始计时,不受系统时间被用户改变的影响
flags：参数flags（TFD_NONBLOCK(非阻塞模式)/TFD_CLOEXEC（表示当程序执行exec函数时本fd将被系统自动关闭,表示不传递）
*/
- timerfd_settime()函数
#include <sys/timerfd.h>
struct timespec {
time_t tv_sec; /* Seconds */
long tv_nsec; /* Nanoseconds */
};
struct itimerspec {
struct timespec it_interval; /* Interval for periodic timer （定时间隔周期）*/
struct timespec it_value; /* Initial expiration (第一次超时时间)*/
};
int timerfd_settime(int fd, int flags, const struct itimerspec *new_value, struct itimerspec *old_value);
/*
timerfd_settime()此函数用于设置新的超时时间，并开始计时,能够启动和停止定时器;
fd: 参数fd是timerfd_create函数返回的文件句柄
flags：参数flags为1代表设置的是绝对时间（TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME 表示绝对定时器）；为0代表相对时间。
new_value: 参数new_value指定定时器的超时时间以及超时间隔时间
old_value: 如果old_value不为NULL, old_vlaue返回之前定时器设置的超时时间，具体参考timerfd_gettime()函数
** it_interval不为0则表示是周期性定时器。
it_value和it_interval都为0表示停止定时器
*/
- timerfd_gettime()函数
int timerfd_gettime(int fd, struct itimerspec *curr_value);
/*
timerfd_gettime()函数获取距离下次超时剩余的时间
curr_value.it_value 字段表示距离下次超时的时间，如果改值为0，表示计时器已经解除
改字段表示的值永远是一个相对值，无论TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME是否被设置
curr_value.it_interval 定时器间隔时间
*/
uint64_t exp = 0;
read(fd, &exp, sizeof(uint64_t));
//可以用read函数读取计时器的超时次数，改值是一个8字节无符号的长整型
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
#include <sys/timerfd.h>
#if 0
struct timespec {
time_t tv_sec; /* Seconds */
long tv_nsec; /* Nanoseconds */
};
struct itimerspec {
struct timespec it_interval; /* Interval for periodic timer */
struct timespec it_value; /* Initial expiration */
};
#endif
#define EPOLL_LISTEN_CNT 256
#define EPOLL_LISTEN_TIMEOUT 500
#define LOG_DEBUG_ON 1
#ifdef LOG_DEBUG_ON
#define LOG_DEBUG(fmt, args...) \
do { \
printf("[DEBUG]:");\
printf(fmt "\n", ##args); \
} while(0);
#define LOG_INFO(fmt, args...) \
do { \
printf("[INFO]:");\
printf(fmt "\n", ##args); \
} while(0);
#define LOG_WARNING(fmt, args...) \
do { \
printf("[WARNING]:");\
printf(fmt "\n", ##args); \
} while(0);
#else
#define LOG_DEBUG(fmt, args...)
#define LOG_INFO(fmt, args...)
#define LOG_WARNING(fmt, args...)
#endif
#define LOG_ERROR(fmt, args...) \
do{ \
printf("[ERROR]:");\
printf(fmt "\n", ##args);\
}while(0);
#define handle_error(msg) \
do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)
static int g_epollfd = -1;
static int g_timerfd = -1;
uint64_t tot_exp = 0;
static void help(void)
{
exit(0);
}
static void print_elapsed_time(void)
{
static struct timespec start;
struct timespec curr;
static int first_call = 1;
int secs, nsecs;
if (first_call) {
first_call = 0;
if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &start) == -1)
handle_error("clock_gettime");
}
if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &curr) == -1)
handle_error("clock_gettime");
secs = curr.tv_sec - start.tv_sec;
nsecs = curr.tv_nsec - start.tv_nsec;
if (nsecs < 0) {
secs--;
nsecs += 1000000000;
}
printf("%d.%03d: ", secs, (nsecs + 500000) / 1000000);
}
void timerfd_handler(int fd)
{
uint64_t exp = 0;
read(fd, &exp, sizeof(uint64_t));
tot_exp += exp;
print_elapsed_time();
printf("read: %llu, total: %llu\n", (unsigned long long)exp, (unsigned long long)tot_exp);
return;
}
void epoll_event_handle(void)
{
int i = 0;
int fd_cnt = 0;
int sfd;
struct epoll_event events[EPOLL_LISTEN_CNT];
memset(events, 0, sizeof(events));
while(1)
{
/* wait epoll event */
fd_cnt = epoll_wait(g_epollfd, events, EPOLL_LISTEN_CNT, EPOLL_LISTEN_TIMEOUT);
for(i = 0; i < fd_cnt; i++)
{
sfd = events[i].data.fd;
if(events[i].events & EPOLLIN)
{
if (sfd == g_timerfd)
{
timerfd_handler(sfd);
}
}
}
}
}
int epoll_add_fd(int fd)
{
int ret;
struct epoll_event event;
memset(&event, 0, sizeof(event));
event.data.fd = fd;
event.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLET;
ret = epoll_ctl(g_epollfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fd, &event);
if(ret < 0) {
LOG_ERROR("epoll_ctl Add fd:%d error, Error:[%d:%s]", fd, errno, strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
LOG_DEBUG("epoll add fd:%d--->%d success", fd, g_epollfd);
return 0;
}
int epollfd_init()
{
int epfd;
/* create epoll fd */
epfd = epoll_create(EPOLL_LISTEN_CNT);
if (epfd < 0) {
LOG_ERROR("epoll_create error, Error:[%d:%s]", errno, strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
g_epollfd = epfd;
LOG_DEBUG("epoll fd:%d create success", epfd);
return epfd;
}
int timerfd_init()
{
int tmfd;
int ret;
struct itimerspec new_value;
new_value.it_value.tv_sec = 2;
new_value.it_value.tv_nsec = 0;
new_value.it_interval.tv_sec = 1;
new_value.it_interval.tv_nsec = 0;
tmfd = timerfd_create(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, 0);
if (tmfd < 0) {
LOG_ERROR("timerfd_create error, Error:[%d:%s]", errno, strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
ret = timerfd_settime(tmfd, 0, &new_value, NULL);
if (ret < 0) {
LOG_ERROR("timerfd_settime error, Error:[%d:%s]", errno, strerror(errno));
close(tmfd);
return -1;
}
if (epoll_add_fd(tmfd)) {
close(tmfd);
return -1;
}
g_timerfd = tmfd;
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
if (epollfd_init() < 0) {
return -1;
}
if (timerfd_init()) {
return -1;
}
/* event handle */
epoll_event_handle();
return 0;
}
参考：
https://www.cnblogs.com/hushaojun/p/7990951.html
https://www.cnblogs.com/wenqiang/p/6698371.html
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