哥尼斯堡的“七桥问题”----欧拉图的判定

最新推荐文章于 2023-05-19 16:50:44 发布
最新推荐文章于 2023-05-19 16:50:44 发布
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<div style="font-family:Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px">&nbsp;<span style="color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:'Microsoft YaHei',helvetica,sans-serif">哥&#23612;斯堡是位于普累&#26684;河上的一座城市，它包含两个岛屿及连接它们的七座桥，如下图所示。</span><br>
</div>
<p style="margin-top:0.5em; margin-bottom:0.5em; line-height:22.3999996185303px; font-size:14px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:'Microsoft YaHei',helvetica,sans-serif">
<img src="http://pta.patest.cn/api/image/attachment?id=51" alt="" style="vertical-align:top; border:0px; max-width:100%"></p>
<p style="margin-top:0.5em; margin-bottom:0.5em; line-height:22.3999996185303px; font-size:14px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:'Microsoft YaHei',helvetica,sans-serif">
可否走过这样的七座桥，而且每桥只走过一次？瑞士数学家欧拉(Leonhard Euler，1707—1783)最终解决了这个问题，并由此创立了拓扑学。</p>
<p style="margin-top:0.5em; margin-bottom:0.5em; line-height:22.3999996185303px; font-size:14px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:'Microsoft YaHei',helvetica,sans-serif">
这个问题如今可以描述为判断欧拉回路是否存在的问题。欧拉回路是指不令笔离开纸面，可画过图中每条边仅一次，且可以回到起点的一条回路。现给定一个无向图，问是否存在欧拉回路？</p>
<h3 style="line-height:22.3999996185303px; margin:0.8em 0px; padding:0px; font-size:14px; color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:'Microsoft YaHei',helvetica,sans-serif">
输入&#26684;式:</h3>
<p style="margin-top:0.5em; margin-bottom:0.5em; line-height:22.3999996185303px; font-size:14px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:'Microsoft YaHei',helvetica,sans-serif">
输入第一行给出两个正整数，分别是节点数<span style="font-size:1.21em; font-family:KaTeX_Main; white-space:nowrap; margin:2px"><span style="display:inline-block"><span style="display:inline-block; height:0.68333em"></span><span style="display:inline-block; height:0.68333em; vertical-align:0em"></span><span style="display:inline-block"><span style="font-family:KaTeX_Math; margin-right:0.10903em"><em>N</em></span></span></span></span>&nbsp;(<span style="font-size:1.21em; font-family:KaTeX_Main; white-space:nowrap; margin:2px"><span style="display:inline-block"><span style="display:inline-block; height:0.68333em"></span><span style="display:inline-block; height:0.8193em; vertical-align:-0.13597em"></span><span style="display:inline-block">1<span style="margin-left:0.27778em">≤</span><span style="font-family:KaTeX_Math; margin-left:0.27778em; margin-right:0.10903em"><em>N</em></span><span style="margin-left:0.27778em">≤</span><span style="margin-left:0.27778em">1</span>000</span></span></span>)和边数<span style="font-size:1.21em; font-family:KaTeX_Main; white-space:nowrap; margin:2px"><span style="display:inline-block"><span style="display:inline-block; height:0.68333em"></span><span style="display:inline-block; height:0.68333em; vertical-align:0em"></span><span style="display:inline-block"><span style="font-family:KaTeX_Math; margin-right:0.10903em"><em>M</em></span></span></span></span>；随后的<span style="font-size:1.21em; font-family:KaTeX_Main; white-space:nowrap; margin:2px"><span style="display:inline-block"><span style="display:inline-block; height:0.68333em"></span><span style="display:inline-block; height:0.68333em; vertical-align:0em"></span><span style="display:inline-block"><span style="font-family:KaTeX_Math; margin-right:0.10903em"><em>M</em></span></span></span></span>行对应<span style="font-size:1.21em; font-family:KaTeX_Main; white-space:nowrap; margin:2px"><span style="display:inline-block"><span style="display:inline-block; height:0.68333em"></span><span style="display:inline-block; height:0.68333em; vertical-align:0em"></span><span style="display:inline-block"><span style="font-family:KaTeX_Math; margin-right:0.10903em"><em>M</em></span></span></span></span>条边，每行给出一对正整数，分别是该条边直接连通的两个节点的编号（节点从1到<span style="font-size:1.21em; font-family:KaTeX_Main; white-space:nowrap; margin:2px"><span style="display:inline-block"><span style="display:inline-block; height:0.68333em"></span><span style="display:inline-block; height:0.68333em; vertical-align:0em"></span><span style="display:inline-block"><span style="font-family:KaTeX_Math; margin-right:0.10903em"><em>N</em></span></span></span></span>编号）。</p>
<h3 style="line-height:22.3999996185303px; margin:0.8em 0px; padding:0px; font-size:14px; color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:'Microsoft YaHei',helvetica,sans-serif">
输出&#26684;式:</h3>
<p style="margin-top:0.5em; margin-bottom:0.5em; line-height:22.3999996185303px; font-size:14px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:'Microsoft YaHei',helvetica,sans-serif">
若欧拉回路存在则输出1，否则输出0。</p>
<h3 style="line-height:22.3999996185303px; margin:0.8em 0px; padding:0px; font-size:14px; color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:'Microsoft YaHei',helvetica,sans-serif">
输入样例1:</h3>
<code style="font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px; font-family:'YaHei consolas Hybrid',Consolas; border:none; padding:0px; margin:0px">6 10<br>
1 2<br>
2 3<br>
3 1<br>
4 5<br>
5 6<br>
6 4<br>
1 4<br>
1 6<br>
3 4<br>
3 6</code>
<h3 style="line-height:22.3999996185303px; margin:0.8em 0px; padding:0px; font-size:14px; color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:'Microsoft YaHei',helvetica,sans-serif">
输出样例1:</h3>
<code style="font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px; font-family:'YaHei consolas Hybrid',Consolas; border:none; padding:0px; margin:0px">1</code>
<h3 style="line-height:22.3999996185303px; margin:0.8em 0px; padding:0px; font-size:14px; color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:'Microsoft YaHei',helvetica,sans-serif">
输入样例2:</h3>
<code style="font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px; font-family:'YaHei consolas Hybrid',Consolas; border:none; padding:0px; margin:0px">5 8<br>
1 2<br>
1 3<br>
2 3<br>
2 4<br>
2 5<br>
5 3<br>
5 4<br>
3 4</code>
<h3 style="line-height:22.3999996185303px; margin:0.8em 0px; padding:0px; font-size:14px; color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:'Microsoft YaHei',helvetica,sans-serif">
输出样例2:</h3>
<p><code style="font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px; font-family:'YaHei consolas Hybrid',Consolas; border:none; padding:0px; margin:0px">0</code></p>
<p><code style="font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px; font-family:'YaHei consolas Hybrid',Consolas; border:none; padding:0px; margin:0px">--------------------------------------------</code></p>
<p><code style="font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px; font-family:'YaHei consolas Hybrid',Consolas; border:none; padding:0px; margin:0px"><span style="font-family:'YaHei consolas Hybrid',Consolas; font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px"><span style="color:rgb(151,72,6)">定义：</span></span><span style="font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px; color:rgb(151,72,6); font-family:arial,宋体,sans-serif; text-indent:2em">若图G中存在这样一条路径，使得它恰通过G中每条边一次,则称该路径为</span><span style="font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px; color:rgb(151,72,6); font-family:arial,宋体,sans-serif; text-indent:2em; font-weight:700">欧拉路径</span><span style="font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px; color:rgb(151,72,6); font-family:arial,宋体,sans-serif; text-indent:2em">。若该路径是一个圈，则称为</span><span style="font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px; color:rgb(151,72,6); font-family:arial,宋体,sans-serif; text-indent:2em; font-weight:700">欧拉(Euler)回路</span><span style="font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px; color:rgb(151,72,6); font-family:arial,宋体,sans-serif; text-indent:2em">。</span></code></p>
<div style="font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px; word-wrap:break-word; color:rgb(51,51,51); margin-bottom:15px; text-indent:2em; zoom:1; font-family:arial,宋体,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(151,72,6)">具有欧拉回路的图称为</span><a target="_blank" href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/143349.htm" target="_blank" style="border:none; color:rgb(0,0,0); text-decoration:none"><span style="color:rgb(151,72,6)">欧拉图</span></a><span style="color:rgb(151,72,6)">（简称E图）。具有欧拉路径但不具有欧拉回路的图称为半欧拉图。</span></div>
<span style="font-family:'YaHei consolas Hybrid',Consolas; font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px"><span style="color:rgb(151,72,6)">欧拉回路判断条件：1.该图是否为连通图；<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;2.该图所有点的度数都为偶数</span></span><br>
<p></p>
<p><code style="font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px; font-family:'YaHei consolas Hybrid',Consolas; border:none; padding:0px; margin:0px"><span style="font-family:'YaHei consolas Hybrid',Consolas; font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px"><span style="color:rgb(151,72,6)">---------------------------------------------</span></span></code></p>
<p><code style="font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px; font-family:'YaHei consolas Hybrid',Consolas; border:none; padding:0px; margin:0px"><span style="font-family:'YaHei consolas Hybrid',Consolas; font-size:14px; line-height:22.3999996185303px"><span style="color:rgb(151,72,6)"></span></span></code><pre name="code" class="cpp">#include&lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include&lt;stdlib.h&gt;
#define MAX 1005
int map[MAX][MAX]={0};
int visited[MAX]={0};
int connect=0;
int count=0;
int FLAG=0;
void dfs(int x,int node){
    int i;
    if(count==node){
        FLAG=1;
        connect=1;
        return;
    }
    for(i=1;i&lt;=node;++i){
        if(FLAG)//这一步设置的这个标志变量非常重要，当你得到该图是一个连通图的时候，
        //应让它在这里返回，否则for循环还在继续，这是非常浪费时间的做法
        return;
        if(map[x][i]==1&amp;&amp;visited[i]==0){
            visited[i]=1;count++;
            dfs(i,node);
            visited[i]=0;count--;
        }
    }
    return;
}
int main(void){
    int countNode[MAX]={0};
    int node,n,startx,v1,v2,i,sum=0;
    scanf(&quot;%d&quot;,&amp;node);
    scanf(&quot;%d&quot;,&amp;n);
    while(n--){
        scanf(&quot;%d %d&quot;,&amp;v1,&amp;v2);
        map[v1][v2]=1;
        map[v2][v1]=1;
        countNode[v1]++;
        countNode[v2]++;
    }
    startx=1;
    dfs(startx,node);
    if(connect==0){
        printf(&quot;0\n&quot;);
        return 0;
    }
    for(i=1;i&lt;=node;++i){
        if(countNode[i]%2!=0){
            printf(&quot;0\n&quot;);
            return 0;
        }
    }
    printf(&quot;1\n&quot;);
    return 0;
}
 
</pre><br>
<br>
</p>
  
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做一道Catenyms伤神无数，为避免此情况再次发生，在此将欧拉图的判定和求法加以总结 注：本篇文章系菜鸟总结，大神们请自行忽略。 欧拉图的判定： 1.首先，所有结点必须在同一个图中。——-》采用并查集判定 2.对于具有欧拉回路的图：所有结点的入度和出度都相等，奇数度的结点个数为0——–》统计判定 3.对于具有欧拉通路的图：图中一个结点的入度比出度大1，一个结点的...
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本文主要解决以下几个问题： 1.欧拉图能不能有割点，能不能有桥？ 2.哈密顿图能不能有割点，能不能有桥那么如果有桥的话，对于两个划分以后的子图，我们为了从一个顶点出发，最后再回到这个顶点，的定义就是在一个图G中，它本来是连通的，去掉一个点v以后这个图G就不连通了，那么点v就被叫做。的定义就是在一个图G中，它本来也是连通的，去掉一条边x以后这个图就不连通了，那么边x就被称为。如果这个图去掉点3，他就变成不连通的了，那么点3就是一个割点，的图，哈密顿圈是对于图G而言，它有一个圈，这个圈。，
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二部图 将所有边均视为沟通两个互补顶点子集的路。 二部图的判定 一个无向图是二部图⟺图中不存在奇数长度的回路一个无向图是二部图\Longleftrightarrow 图中不存在奇数长度的回路一个无向图是二部图⟺图中不存在奇数长度的回路 无回路的图一定是二部图 二部图的匹配 完美匹配 ⇍⇒^{\Rightarrow}_{\nLeftarrow}⇍⇒​ 最大匹配 ⇍⇒^{\Rightarrow}_{\nLeftarrow}⇍⇒​ 极大匹配 完美匹配中，∣V1∣=∣V2∣=∣E∣|V_1| = |V_2|
离散数学21_第9章图的应用__欧拉图与哈密顿图
华工的专栏
09-22 5274
判断一个图能否一笔到达所结点，就是判断一个图是否哈密顿图或是半哈密顿图。判断一个图能否一笔画出，就是判断一个图是否欧拉图或是半欧拉图。哈密顿图强调 图中有一条包含所有结点的回路或通路。欧拉图强调 图中有一条包含所有边的回路或通路。半哈密顿图是一个通路，就是说起点和终点不一致。半欧拉图是一个通路，就是说起点和终点不一致。哈密顿图一定是回路， 起点和终点是一致。欧拉图一定是回路， 起点和终点是一致。二. 如何判断一个图是不是哈密顿图？一. 如何判断一个图是不是欧拉图？注意不是到达所有边！
欧拉图的判定
Gravitas的博客
07-12 8804
       通过图中所有边恰好一次且行遍所有顶点的回路称为欧拉回路。而具有欧拉回路的无向图称为欧拉图。本文将通过C语言实现欧拉图的判定。用C语言程序完成欧拉图的判定，主要分为两步，分别是：判断每个顶点的度是否为偶数、判断图是否连通。具体代码如下： #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #define maxn 500 int a[maxn][maxn]={0},n; v
8-4图模拟 哥尼斯堡的“七桥问题” (25 分)
m0_51171995的博客
07-23 538
8-4图模拟 哥尼斯堡的“七桥问题” (25 分) 哥尼斯堡是位于普累格河上的一座城市，它包含两个岛屿及连接它们的七座桥，如下图所示。 可否走过这样的七座桥，而且每桥只走过一次？瑞士数学家欧拉(Leonhard Euler，1707—1783)最终解决了这个问题，并由此创立了拓扑学。 这个问题如今可以描述为判断欧拉回路是否存在的问题。欧拉回路是指不令笔离开纸面，可画过图中每条边仅一次，且可以回到起点的一条回路。现给定一个无向图，问是否存在欧拉回路？ 输入格式: 输入第一行给出两个正整数，分别...
查阅资料，简述欧拉的哥尼斯城堡七桥问题及其解答。
02-15
欧拉定理告诉我们，任意一个欧拉图都存在欧拉回路，因此欧拉的哥尼斯城堡七桥问题有欧拉回路解。 因此，欧拉的哥尼斯城堡七桥问题的解答是：从任意一个点出发，经过每座桥一次且仅一次，最终回到出发点是可以的。

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