基础数据库sql语句面试常用

基础数据库sql语句面试常用

选择:select * from table1 where 范围
插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)
删除:delete from table1 where 范围
更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围
查找:select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ —like的语法很精 妙,查资料!
排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]
总数:select count * as totalcount from table1
求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1
平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1
最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1
最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1

1、说明:几个高级查询运算词

A: UNION 运算符
  UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。
  B: EXCEPT 运算符
  EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。
  C: INTERSECT 运算符
  INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。
  注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。

2、说明:使用外连接

A、left outer join:
  左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。
SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
  B:right outer join:
  右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。
  C:full outer join:
  全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。
  其次,大家来看一些不错的sql语句
  1、说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)
  法一:

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sql最全的常用命令语句 询某个数据库的连接数 select count(*) from Master.dbo.SysProcesses where dbid=db_id() --前10名其他等待类型 SELECT TOP 10 * from sys.dm_os_wait_stats ORDER BY wait_time_ms DESC SELECT *FROM sys.dm_os_wait_stats WHERE wait_type like 'PAGELATCH%' OR wait_type like 'LAZYWRITER_SLEEP%' --CPU的压力 SELECT scheduler_id, current_tasks_count, runnable_tasks_count FROM sys.dm_os_schedulers WHERE scheduler_id < 255 --表现最差的前10名使用查询 SELECT TOP 10 ProcedureName = t.text, ExecutionCount = s.execution_count, AvgExecutionTime = isnull ( s.total_elapsed_time / s.execution_count, 0 ), AvgWorkerTime = s.total_worker_time / s.execution_count, TotalWorkerTime = s.total_worker_time, MaxLogicalReads = s.max_logical_reads, MaxPhysicalReads = s.max_physical_reads, MaxLogicalWrites = s.max_logical_writes, CreationDateTime = s.creation_time, CallsPerSecond = isnull ( s.execution_count / datediff ( second , s.creation_time, getdate ()), 0 ) FROM sys.dm_exec_query_stats s CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text( s.sql_handle ) t ORDER BY s.max_physical_reads DESC SELECT SUM(signal_wait_time_ms) AS total_signal_wait_time_ms总信号等待时间 , SUM(wait_time_ms - signal_wait_time_ms) AS resource_wait_time_ms资源的等待时间, SUM(signal_wait_time_ms) * 1.0 / SUM (wait_time_ms) * 100 AS [signal_wait_percent信号等待%], SUM(wait_time_ms - signal_wait_time_ms) * 1.0 / SUM (wait_time_ms) * 100 AS [resource_wait_percent资源等待%] FROM sys.dm_os_wait_stats --一个信号等待时间过多对资源的等待时间那么你的CPU是目前的一个瓶颈。 --查看进程所执行的SQL语句 if (select COUNT(*) from master.dbo.sysprocesses) > 500 begin select text,CROSS APPLY master.sys.dm_exec_sql_text(a.sql_handle) from master.sys.sysprocesses a end select text,a.* from master.sys.sysprocesses a CROSS APPLY master.sys.dm_exec_sql_text(a.sql_handle) where a.spid = '51' dbcc inputbuffer(53) with tb as ( select blocking_session_id, session_id,db_name(database_id) as dbname,text from master.sys.dm_exec_requests a CROSS APPLY master.sys.dm_exec_sql_text(a.sql_handle) ), tb1 as ( select a.*,login_time,program_name,client_interface_name,login_name,cpu_time,memory_usage*8 as 'memory_usage(KB)', total_scheduled_time,reads,writes,logical_reads from tb a inner join master.sys.dm_exec_sessions b on a.session_id=b.session_id ) select a.*,connect_time,client_tcp_port,client_net_address from tb1 a inner join master.sys.dm_exec_connections b on a.session_id=b.session_id --当前进程数 select * from master.dbo.sysprocesses order by cpu desc --查看当前活动的进程数 sp_who active --查询是否由于连接没有释放引起CPU过高 select * from master.dbo.sysprocesses where spid> 50 and waittype = 0x0000 and waittime = 0 and status = 'sleeping ' and last_batch < dateadd(minute, -10, getdate()) and login_time < dateadd(minute, -10, getdate()) --强行释放空连接 select 'kill ' + rtrim(spid) from master.dbo.sysprocesses where spid> 50 and waittype = 0x0000 and waittime = 0 and status = 'sleeping ' and last_batch < dateadd(minute, -60, getdate()) and login_time < dateadd(minute, -60, getdate()) --查看当前占用 cpu 资源最高的会话和其中执行的语句(及时CPU) select spid,cmd,cpu,physical_io,memusage, (select top 1 [text] from ::fn_get_sql(sql_handle)) sql_text from master..sysprocesses order by cpu desc,physical_io desc --查看缓存中重用次数少,占用内存大的查询语句(当前缓存中未释放的)--全局 SELECT TOP 100 usecounts, objtype, p.size_in_bytes,[sql].[text] FROM sys.dm_exec_cached_plans p OUTER APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text (p.plan_handle) sql ORDER BY usecounts,p.size_in_bytes desc SELECT top 25 qt.text,qs.plan_generation_num,qs.execution_count,dbid,objectid FROM sys.dm_exec_query_stats qs CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(sql_handle) as qt WHERE plan_generation_num >1 ORDER BY qs.plan_generation_num SELECT top 50 qt.text AS SQL_text ,SUM(qs.total_worker_time) AS total_cpu_time, SUM(qs.execution_count) AS total_execution_count, SUM(qs.total_worker_time)/SUM(qs.execution_count) AS avg_cpu_time, COUNT(*) AS number_of_statements FROM sys.dm_exec_query_stats qs CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(qs.sql_handle) as qt GROUP BY qt.text ORDER BY total_cpu_time DESC --统计总的CPU时间 --ORDER BY avg_cpu_time DESC --统计平均单次查询CPU时间 -- 计算可运行状态下的工作进程数量 SELECT COUNT(*) as workers_waiting_for_cpu,s.scheduler_id FROM sys.dm_os_workers AS o INNER JOIN sys.dm_os_schedulers AS s ON o.scheduler_address=s.scheduler_address AND s.scheduler_id<255 WHERE o.state='RUNNABLE' GROUP BY s.scheduler_id

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