Redis——跳跃表

跳跃表skiplist

本质是分层有序链表，从高层到低层，相隔的结点个数以指数形式增长，空间换时间，插入删除查找的时间复杂度都是log(N)，大致的结构为：

两个重要的结构体

//跳跃表的节点，从图中第二列到第8列展示的都是这个节点
typedef struct zskiplistNode {
    sds ele;
    double score;
    struct zskiplistNode *backward;//指向后面一个节点
    struct zskiplistLevel {
        struct zskiplistNode *forward;
        unsigned long span;//表示跨度，指向的下一个节点跨了几个节点
    } level[];//这里是一个数组，有多少个就表示多少层
} zskiplistNode;//这也是一个柔性数组
//跳跃表，两个指针分别指向头部和尾部的节点
//仔细说来，这个header并不是一个真正的节点
typedef struct zskiplist {
    struct zskiplistNode *header, *tail;
    unsigned long length;
    int level;
} zskiplist;

里面中的span项在代码中占据了很大的比重，对于span的解释可以看这个博客：
如何理解redis跳表源码中的span？
总的来说这个span可以让我们方便的计算查找节点在整个跳跃表的排序，有了span我们可以清除的知道，这一次跳了几个，一累加就是最终的排序。

创建和释放

创建

#define ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL 32 //最多32层，足够容纳2^64 个元素
/* Create a skiplist node with the specified number of levels.
 * The SDS string 'ele' is referenced by the node after the call. */
zskiplistNode *zslCreateNode(int level, double score, sds ele) {
    zskiplistNode *zn =
        zmalloc(sizeof(*zn)+level*sizeof(struct zskiplistLevel));
    zn->score = score;
    zn->ele = ele;
    return zn;
}
/* Create a new skiplist. */
zskiplist *zslCreate(void) {
    int j;
    zskiplist *zsl;

    zsl = zmalloc(sizeof(*zsl));
    zsl->level = 1;
    zsl->length = 0;
    zsl->header = zslCreateNode(ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL,0,NULL);
    for (j = 0; j < ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL; j++) {
        zsl->header->level[j].forward = NULL;
        zsl->header->level[j].span = 0;
    }
    zsl->header->backward = NULL;
    zsl->tail = NULL;
    return zsl;
}

释放

void zslFreeNode(zskiplistNode *node) {
    sdsfree(node->ele);//释放sds分量
    zfree(node);//释放节点
}

/* Free a whole skiplist. */
void zslFree(zskiplist *zsl) {
    zskiplistNode *node = zsl->header->level[0].forward, *next;

    zfree(zsl->header);
    while(node) {
        next = node->level[0].forward;
        zslFreeNode(node);
        node = next;
    }
    zfree(zsl);
}

节点操作

节点的插入

/* Insert a new node in the skiplist. Assumes the element does not already
 * exist (up to the caller to enforce that). The skiplist takes ownership
 * of the passed SDS string 'ele'. */
zskiplistNode *zslInsert(zskiplist *zsl, double score, sds ele) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    unsigned long rank[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL];
    int i, level;

    serverAssert(!isnan(score));
    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        /* store rank that is crossed to reach the insert position */
        rank[i] = i == (zsl->level-1) ? 0 : rank[i+1];
        //从上层往下开始找满足条件的
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
                (x->level[i].forward->score < score ||
                    (x->level[i].forward->score == score &&
                    sdscmp(x->level[i].forward->ele,ele) < 0)))
        {
            rank[i] += x->level[i].span;
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        update[i] = x;
    }
    //新插入节点所在的层数的随机确定的
    level = zslRandomLevel();
    //如果这个随机的level大于当前压缩列表的level，位于当前level之上的所有节点肯定是header指着，初始span先设成总跳跃表的总长
    if (level > zsl->level) {
        for (i = zsl->level; i < level; i++) {
            rank[i] = 0;
            update[i] = zsl->header;
            update[i]->level[i].span = zsl->length;
        }
        zsl->level = level;
    }
    x = zslCreateNode(level,score,ele);
    //update中存储的是每个level下节点的前一个指针
    for (i = 0; i < level; i++) {
    	//完成节点的插入以及跨度的更新
        x->level[i].forward = update[i]->level[i].forward;
        update[i]->level[i].forward = x;

        /* update span covered by update[i] as x is inserted here */
        x->level[i].span = update[i]->level[i].span - (rank[0] - rank[i]);
        update[i]->level[i].span = (rank[0] - rank[i]) + 1;
    }

    /* increment span for untouched levels */
    for (i = level; i < zsl->level; i++) {
        update[i]->level[i].span++;
    }

    x->backward = (update[0] == zsl->header) ? NULL : update[0];
    if (x->level[0].forward)
        x->level[0].forward->backward = x;
    else
        zsl->tail = x;
    zsl->length++;
    return x;
}

节点的删除

/* Internal function used by zslDelete, zslDeleteRangeByScore and
 * zslDeleteRangeByRank. */
void zslDeleteNode(zskiplist *zsl, zskiplistNode *x, zskiplistNode **update) {
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < zsl->level; i++) {
    	//上一个节点的forward指向x
        if (update[i]->level[i].forward == x) {
        //x这个节点删除之后，update[i]->level[i].span应该加上x->level[i].span - 1
            update[i]->level[i].span += x->level[i].span - 1;
            update[i]->level[i].forward = x->level[i].forward;
        } else {
            update[i]->level[i].span -= 1;
        }
    }
    if (x->level[0].forward) {
        x->level[0].forward->backward = x->backward;
    } else {
        zsl->tail = x->backward;
    }
    while(zsl->level > 1 && zsl->header->level[zsl->level-1].forward == NULL)
        zsl->level--;
    zsl->length--;
}

int zslDelete(zskiplist *zsl, double score, sds ele, zskiplistNode **node) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    int i;
	//和节点的插入一样，使用中间的update找到合适的位置
    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
                (x->level[i].forward->score < score ||
                    (x->level[i].forward->score == score &&
                     sdscmp(x->level[i].forward->ele,ele) < 0)))
        {
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        update[i] = x;
    }
    /* We may have multiple elements with the same score, what we need
     * is to find the element with both the right score and object. */
    x = x->level[0].forward;
    if (x && score == x->score && sdscmp(x->ele,ele) == 0) {
        zslDeleteNode(zsl, x, update);
        if (!node)
            zslFreeNode(x);
        else
        //如果我们不释放这个节点，那么肯定要把x传出去，因此需要用到**node
            *node = x;
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}

更新score

/* Update the score of an element inside the sorted set skiplist.
 * Note that the element must exist and must match 'score'.
 * This function does not update the score in the hash table side, the
 * caller should take care of it.
 *
 * Note that this function attempts to just update the node, in case after
 * the score update, the node would be exactly at the same position.
 * Otherwise the skiplist is modified by removing and re-adding a new
 * element, which is more costly.
 *
 * The function returns the updated element skiplist node pointer. */
 /*更新元素的score， 前提是元素必须存在且匹配‘score’.
 这个函数并不在哈希表一侧更新score，调用者需要注意。*/
zskiplistNode *zslUpdateScore(zskiplist *zsl, double curscore, sds ele, double newscore) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    int i;

    //根据条件找到这个节点
    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
                (x->level[i].forward->score < curscore ||
                    (x->level[i].forward->score == curscore &&
                     sdscmp(x->level[i].forward->ele,ele) < 0)))
        {
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        update[i] = x;
    }

    /* Jump to our element: note that this function assumes that the
     * element with the matching score exists. */
    x = x->level[0].forward;
    serverAssert(x && curscore == x->score && sdscmp(x->ele,ele) == 0);

    /* If the node, after the score update, would be still exactly
     * at the same position, we can just update the score without
     * actually removing and re-inserting the element in the skiplist. */
     //如果更新之后依然比后面大比前面小，直接赋值返回就行
    if ((x->backward == NULL || x->backward->score < newscore) &&
        (x->level[0].forward == NULL || x->level[0].forward->score > newscore))
    {
        x->score = newscore;
        return x;
    }

    //不然的话就删除再插入
    zslDeleteNode(zsl, x, update);
    zskiplistNode *newnode = zslInsert(zsl,newscore,x->ele);
    /* We reused the old node x->ele SDS string, free the node now
     * since zslInsert created a new one. */
    x->ele = NULL;
    zslFreeNode(x);
    return newnode;
}

数据范围

删除指定score范围的节点

//一个结构体用来记录数据的范围
typedef struct {
    double min, max;
    int minex, maxex; /* are min or max exclusive? */
} zrangespec;
int zslValueGteMin(double value, zrangespec *spec) {
    return spec->minex ? (value > spec->min) : (value >= spec->min);
}

int zslValueLteMax(double value, zrangespec *spec) {
    return spec->maxex ? (value < spec->max) : (value <= spec->max);
}
unsigned long zslDeleteRangeByScore(zskiplist *zsl, zrangespec *range, dict *dict) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    unsigned long removed = 0;
    int i;

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
            !zslValueGteMin(x->level[i].forward->score, range))
                x = x->level[i].forward;
        update[i] = x;
    }

    /* Current node is the last with score < or <= min. */
    x = x->level[0].forward;

    /* Delete nodes while in range. */
    while (x && zslValueLteMax(x->score, range)) {
        zskiplistNode *next = x->level[0].forward;
        zslDeleteNode(zsl,x,update);
        dictDelete(dict,x->ele);
        zslFreeNode(x); /* Here is where x->ele is actually released. */
        removed++;
        x = next;
    }
    return removed;
}

删除指定排名的节点

unsigned long zslDeleteRangeByRank(zskiplist *zsl, unsigned int start, unsigned int end, dict *dict) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    unsigned long traversed = 0, removed = 0;
    int i;

    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward && (traversed + x->level[i].span) < start) {
            traversed += x->level[i].span;
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        update[i] = x;
    }

    traversed++;
    x = x->level[0].forward;
    while (x && traversed <= end) {
        zskiplistNode *next = x->level[0].forward;
        zslDeleteNode(zsl,x,update);
        dictDelete(dict,x->ele);
        zslFreeNode(x);
        removed++;
        traversed++;
        x = next;
    }
    return removed;
}