Linux内核分析课程--完成一个简单的时间片轮转多道程序内核代码，理解操作系统是如何工作的

齐昱博 + 原创作品转载请注明出处 + 《Linux内核分析》MOOC课程http://mooc.study.163.com/course/USTC-1000029000 

实验是在老师提供的实验楼上进行的，本次课程老师为我们演示了一个简单时间片轮转多道程序内核代码，今天对它进行运行和分析。

实验楼截图：

运行效果如下：

      实验分析：

mykernel内核包含三个重要文件：mypcb.h、mymain.c和myinterrupt.c。

mypcb.h：定义了进程管理结构模块pcb和Thread。

mymain.c：定义了各个进程的pcb并对其初始化。

myinterrupt.c：定义了进程主动调度和时钟中断处理。

mypcb.h文件：

#define MAX_TASK_NUM        4
#define KERNEL_STACK_SIZE   1024*8
 
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
struct Thread {
    unsigned long       ip;
    unsigned long       sp;
};
 
typedef struct PCB{
    int pid;
    volatile long state;    /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
    char stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE];
    /* CPU-specific state of this task */
    struct Thread thread;
    unsigned long   task_entry;
    struct PCB *next;
}tPCB;
 
void my_schedule(void);

PCB定义了每个进程的组织结构，pid为进程号，state为进程状态，stack为进程内存栈，thread.sp为进程esp指

针，thread.ip为进程的eip指针。

mymain.c文件：

#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
 
 
#include "mypcb.h"
 
tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM];
tPCB * my_current_task = NULL;
volatile int my_need_sched = 0;
 
void my_process(void);
 
 
void __init my_start_kernel(void)
{
    int pid = 0;
    int i;
    /* Initialize process 0*/
    task[pid].pid = pid;
    task[pid].state = 0;/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
    task[pid].task_entry = task[pid].thread.ip = (unsigned long)my_process;
    task[pid].thread.sp = (unsigned long)&task[pid].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1];
    task[pid].next = &task[pid];
    /*fork more process */
    for(i=1;i<MAX_TASK_NUM;i++)
    {
        memcpy(&task[i],&task[0],sizeof(tPCB));
        task[i].pid = i;
        task[i].state = -1;
        task[i].thread.sp = (unsigned long)&task[i].stack[KERNEL_STACK_SIZE-1];
        task[i].next = task[i-1].next;
        task[i-1].next = &task[i];
    }
    /* start process 0 by task[0] */
    pid = 0;
    my_current_task = &task[pid];
    asm volatile(
        "movl %1,%%esp\n\t"     /* set task[pid].thread.sp to esp */
        "pushl %1\n\t"          /* push ebp */
        "pushl %0\n\t"          /* push task[pid].thread.ip */
        "ret\n\t"               /* pop task[pid].thread.ip to eip */
        "popl %%ebp\n\t"
        :
        : "c" (task[pid].thread.ip),"d" (task[pid].thread.sp)   /* input c or d mean %ecx/%edx*/
    );
}  
void my_process(void)
{
    int i = 0;
    while(1)
    {
        i++;
        if(i%10000000 == 0)
        {
            printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d -\n",my_current_task->pid);
            if(my_need_sched == 1)
            {
                my_need_sched = 0;
                my_schedule();
            }
            printk(KERN_NOTICE "this is process %d +\n",my_current_task->pid);
        }    
    }
}

该文件的my_start_kernel函数首先初始化了每一个进程，然后执行汇编。

my_process函数，则是每个进程的执行函数，当my_need_sched==1时，进入中断切换到下一个进程。

myinterrupt.c文件：

#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
 
#include "mypcb.h"
 
extern tPCB task[MAX_TASK_NUM];
extern tPCB * my_current_task;
extern volatile int my_need_sched;
volatile int time_count = 0;
 
/*
 * Called by timer interrupt.
 * it runs in the name of current running process,
 * so it use kernel stack of current running process
 */
void my_timer_handler(void)
{
#if 1
    if(time_count%1000 == 0 && my_need_sched != 1)
    {
        printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_timer_handler here<<<\n");
        my_need_sched = 1;
    }
    time_count ++ ; 
#endif
    return;    
}
 
void my_schedule(void)
{
    tPCB * next;
    tPCB * prev;
 
    if(my_current_task == NULL
        || my_current_task->next == NULL)
    {
        return;
    }
    printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>my_schedule<<<\n");
    /* schedule */
    next = my_current_task->next;
    prev = my_current_task;
    if(next->state == 0)/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
    {
        /* switch to next process */
        asm volatile(  
            "pushl %%ebp\n\t"       /* save ebp */
            "movl %%esp,%0\n\t"     /* save esp */
            "movl %2,%%esp\n\t"     /* restore  esp */
            "movl $1f,%1\n\t"       /* save eip */ 
            "pushl %3\n\t"
            "ret\n\t"               /* restore  eip */
            "1:\t"                  /* next process start here */
            "popl %%ebp\n\t"
            : "=m" (prev->thread.sp),"=m" (prev->thread.ip)
            : "m" (next->thread.sp),"m" (next->thread.ip)
        );
        my_current_task = next;
        printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>switch %d to %d<<<\n",prev->pid,next->pid);     
    }
    else
    {
        next->state = 0;
        my_current_task = next;
        printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>switch %d to %d<<<\n",prev->pid,next->pid);
        /* switch to new process */
        asm volatile(  
            "pushl %%ebp\n\t"       /* save ebp */
            "movl %%esp,%0\n\t"     /* save esp */
            "movl %2,%%esp\n\t"     /* restore  esp */
            "movl %2,%%ebp\n\t"     /* restore  ebp */
            "movl $1f,%1\n\t"       /* save eip */ 
            "pushl %3\n\t"
            "ret\n\t"               /* restore  eip */
            : "=m" (prev->thread.sp),"=m" (prev->thread.ip)
            : "m" (next->thread.sp),"m" (next->thread.ip)
        );         
    }  
    return;
}

进程的切换主要是通过调用函数void my_schedule（void）来进行的。

进程切换有两种情况：

1、即将要被切换的进程在之前已经执行过了，则恢复该任务的上一次被切换前的现场

2、即将要被切换的进程从未执行过，则创建和切换此进程。

情况一的反汇编代码：

asm volatile(    
            "pushl %%ebp\n\t"         /* save ebp */
            "movl %%esp,%0\n\t"     /* save esp */
            "movl %2,%%esp\n\t"     /* restore  esp */
            "movl $1f,%1\n\t"       /* save eip */    
            "pushl %3\n\t" 
            "ret\n\t"                 /* restore  eip */
            "1:\t"                  /* next process start here */
            "popl %%ebp\n\t"
            : "=m" (prev->thread.sp),"=m" (prev->thread.ip)
            : "m" (next->thread.sp),"m" (next->thread.ip)
        ); 
        my_current_task = next; 
        printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>switch %d to %d<<<\n",prev->pid,next->pid);

前两句是保存当前的堆栈，将esp的值存入prev->thread.sp中，第三句是将next->thread.sp的值存入esp中，第四句是将eip的值拷贝到prev->thread.ip中，$1f是指标号1：的代码在内存的存储的地址。第五六句是使得eip执行待切换的任务。第八句就是将之前的ebp弹出栈，从而达到恢复现场堆栈的目的。

情况二的反汇编代码：

next->state = 0;
        my_current_task = next;
        printk(KERN_NOTICE ">>>switch %d to %d<<<\n",prev->pid,next->pid);
        /* switch to new process */
        asm volatile(    
            "pushl %%ebp\n\t"         /* save ebp */
            "movl %%esp,%0\n\t"     /* save esp */
            "movl %2,%%esp\n\t"     /* restore  esp */
            "movl %2,%%ebp\n\t"     /* restore  ebp */
            "movl $1f,%1\n\t"       /* save eip */    
            "pushl %3\n\t" 
            "ret\n\t"                 /* restore  eip */
            : "=m" (prev->thread.sp),"=m" (prev->thread.ip)
            : "m" (next->thread.sp),"m" (next->thread.ip)
        );

情况一和情况二的区别在于，后者待切换的任务next未曾执行过，所以直接通过语句八修改ebp的值，使得ebp，esp均指向任务next私有堆栈初始位置。