sudoers文件解释

sudoers文件解释

Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as

the root user, without needing the root password.

##该文件允许特定用户像root用户一样使用各种各样的命令，而不需要root用户的密码

Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections

of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular

users or groups.

在文件的底部提供了很多相关命令的示例以供选择，这些示例都可以被特定用户或

## 用户组所使用

This file must be edited with the ‘visudo’ command.

该文件必须使用"visudo"命令编辑

Host Aliases

#主机别名

Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhap using

wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead.

对于一组服务器，你可能会更喜欢使用主机名（可能是全域名的通配符）

或IP地址代替，这时可以配置主机别名

Host_Alias     FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2

Host_Alias     MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2

User Aliases

#用户别名

These aren’t often necessary, as you can use regular groups

(ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname

rather than USERALIAS

这并不很常用，因为你可以通过使用组来代替一组用户的别名

User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem

Command Aliases

These are groups of related commands…

指定一系列相互关联的命令（当然可以是一个）的别名，通过赋予该别名sudo权限，

可以通过sudo调用所有别名包含的命令，下面是一些示例

Networking

#网络操作相关命令别名  
Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /sbin/route, /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ping, /sbin/dhclient,
 /usr/bin/net, /sbin/iptables, /usr/bin/rfcomm, /usr/bin/wvdial, /sbin/iwconfig, 
 /sbin/mii-tool

Installation and management of software

#软件安装管理相关命令别名  
Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum

Services

#服务相关命令别名 
Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service, /sbin/chkconfig

Updating the locate database

#本地数据库升级命令别名  
Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/sbin/updatedb

Storage

#磁盘操作相关命令别名
Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe, /bin/mount, /bin/umount

Delegating permissions

#代理权限相关命令别名 
Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp

Processes

#进程相关命令别名
Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall

Drivers

#驱动命令别名
Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe
#环境变量的相关配置

Defaults specification

Disable "ssh hostname sudo ", because it will show the password in clear.

#         You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo ".

Defaults    requiretty
Defaults    env_reset
Defaults    env_keep = “COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR
                        LS_COLORS MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME
                        LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION
                        LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC
                        LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS
                        _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY”

Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on

which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple

systems).

下面是规则配置：什么用户在哪台服务器上可以执行哪些命令（sudoers文件可以在多个系统上共享）

Syntax:

##语法
##      user    MACHINE=COMMANDS
##  用户 登录的主机=（可以变换的身份） 可以执行的命令

The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it.

命令部分可以附带一些其它的选项

Allow root to run any commands anywhere

允许root用户执行任意路径下的任意命令

root    ALL=(ALL)       ALL

Allows members of the ‘sys’ group to run networking, software,

service management apps and more.

%sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE, DRIVERS

允许sys中户组中的用户使用NETWORKING等所有别名中配置的命令

Allows people in group wheel to run all commands

%wheel        ALL=(ALL)       ALL

允许wheel用户组中的用户执行所有命令

Same thing without a password

允许wheel用户组中的用户在不输入该用户的密码的情况下使用所有命令

%wheel        ALL=(ALL)       NOPASSWD: ALL

Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the

cdrom as root

允许users用户组中的用户像root用户一样使用mount、unmount、chrom命令

%users  ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom

Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system

%users  localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now

允许users用户组中的用户像root用户一样使用shutdown命令

实际案例演示
实例1：让普通用户fieldyang具有/etc/init.d/nagios脚本重启的权限，可以在/etc/sudoers添加如下设置：

[root@test ~]# visudo
fieldyang ALL=NOPASSWD:/etc/init.d/nagios restart

实例2：让普通用户fieldyang具有所有超级用户的权限而又不用输入密码
[root@test ~]# visudo
fieldyang ALL=（ALL)NOPASSWD:ALL
[fieldyang@test ~]#sudo su - 
[fieldyang@test ~]#pwd
/root

实例3：针对MySQL数据库的设置，让test组中的test用户具备/etc/init.d/mysqld的权限
######################## mysql ################
1.
[root@test ~]# groupadd test
[root@test ~]# useradd -g test -m -d /home/test -s /bin/bash test
[root@test ~]# passwd test
2.
[root@test ~]# visudo

test ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /etc/init.d/mysqld

test ALL=(ALL)  /etc/init.d/mysqld
3. start/stop mysql
    3.1) start mysql
        login test
[root@test ~]# su test
[test@test ~]$ sudo /etc/init.d/mysqld start
    3.2) stop mysql
        login test
[root@test ~]# su test
[test@test ~]$ sudo /etc/init.d/mysqld stop

实例4：针对tomcat的设置，让test组中的test用户具备tomcat操作的权限
######################## tomcat ################
1. 
[root@test ~]# groupadd test
[root@test ~]# useradd -g test -m -d /home/test -s /bin/bash test
[root@test ~]# passwd test
2.
[root@test ~]# visudo
    # test ALL=(ALL)  /usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh,/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
    test ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh,/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
3.
[root@test ~]# vim /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh
    ### JDK 
    export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk
    export JRE_HOME=KaTeX parse error: Expected 'EOF', got '#' at position 90: …t [root@test ~]#̲ su test   [tes… sudo /usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
[test@test ~]$ ss -ntlup | grep java
[test@test ~]$ curl -I http://localhost:8080
    4.2) stop tomcat
        login test
[root@test ~]# su test 
[test@test ~]$ sudo /usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh