这里是Java网络编程，Java Socket编程相关的学习手记。这里按照官方的Java 8 Toturial教程的Custom Networking学习路径，对相关的一些内容进行解读（并不完全，如果有错请联系我，谢谢^ _ ^），同时在学习的过程中加入个人的理解与对代码运行的思考。
下面是整个专栏的文章链接，用于快速的导航。
0. 整个系列文章介绍1. Java网络编程假定你需要一些基本的网络知识。2. Java操作URL；java.net.URL，java.net.URLConnection3. Java Socket编程；关于Socket的使用； java.net.Socket ，java.net.ServerSocket4. Java UDP Datagrams数据报编程；Java单播，多播编程；java.net.DatagramPacket，java.net.DatagramSocket，java.net.MulticastSocket5. 使用Java访问系统（电脑，机器）的网络信息，如网卡信息，网络状态等；java.net.NetworkInterface6. 在Java客户端上操作，管理Cookie；7. 在1~6节的编程实践中，我遇到的一些问题；
摘要及说明
原文链接：Working with URLs这里会根据具体情况进行相关内容的省略。
注意：文章有Java 8 IO相关API的使用，不过也不复杂
- URL的定义（definition ）
- 如何创建和解析URL（create and parse a URL）
- 如何打开一个URL连接（open a connection to a URL）
- 如何读，写一个连接（read from and write to a connection）
URL
很简单，这里做简单介绍。
URL（Uniform Resource Locator），统一资源定位，互联网上资源的引用/链接。
组成部分：
- 协议（Protocol），如http
- 资源名，协议后面的
资源名又由很多部分组成，而主机名，端口号，文件名是常见元素
简单例子：https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/networking/urls/index.html
- 协议名：https
- 主机名：docs.oracle.com
- 端口号：这里默认为80。即https://docs.oracle.com:80/javase/tutorial/networking/urls/index.html
- 文件名：/javase/tutorial/networking/urls/index.html。其中包含路径与文件名。
使用URL类——创建
创建URL类，有几种构造器，最简单的当然是通过字符串String来创建
URL(String spec)——创建字符串表示的URL对象URL url = new URL("http://baidu.com");
URL(URL baseURL, String relativeURL)——相对URL
例如下两个URL，可表示为
- http://example.com/pages/page1.html
- http://example.com/pages/page2.html
URL myURL = new URL("http://example.com/pages/");
URL page1URL = new URL(myURL, "page1.html");
URL page2URL = new URL(myURL, "page2.html");
还有其它构造器，通过制定特定的URL成分来构造URL对象：
URL(String protocol, String host, int port, String file);
URL(String protocol, String host, String file);
除此之外官方的API中还有如下的构造器，暂时不详解，列出：
URL(String protocol, String host, int port, String file, URLStreamHandler handler)
URL(URL context, String spec, URLStreamHandler handler)
注意点：
-
每次new URL时都需要捕获异常。如下是一个简单的例子：
try { URL url = new URL("http://example.com/"); } catch (MalformedURLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } -
URL是"write-once"对象。也就是说，一旦你创建了一个URL对象，你就不能改变它的任何属性，如protocol（协议）, host name（主机名）, filename（文件名/路径）, port number（端口号）。
使用URL类——解析
我们能使用类似getXXX方法来获取URL对象的信息。这些信息对应于我们之前在构造器的一些参数。
URL对象对象的所有get方法：
尝试下面的代码，通过下面的代码，对于URL的各种字段都能有一个清晰的了解：
/*
* Copyright (c) 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
*
* - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* - Neither the name of Oracle or the names of its
* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
* from this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
* IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
* CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
* EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
* PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
* NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class ParseURL {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
URL aURL = new URL("http://example.com:80/docs/books/tutorial"
+ "/index.html?name=networking#DOWNLOADING");
System.out.println("protocol = " + aURL.getProtocol());
System.out.println("authority = " + aURL.getAuthority());
System.out.println("host = " + aURL.getHost());
System.out.println("port = " + aURL.getPort());
System.out.println("path = " + aURL.getPath());
System.out.println("query = " + aURL.getQuery());
System.out.println("filename = " + aURL.getFile());
System.out.println("ref = " + aURL.getRef());
}
}
/**输出结果
protocol = http
authority = example.com:80
host = example.com
port = 80
path = /docs/books/tutorial/index.html
query = name=networking
filename = /docs/books/tutorial/index.html?name=networking
ref = DOWNLOADING
**/
使用URL类——直接从URL读数据
在成功创建URL对象后，可以直接调用URL的openStream() 方法获取 java.io.InputStream 对象，也就是说我们能很简单地直接读取URL的内容。
/*
* Copyright (c) 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
*
* - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* - Neither the name of Oracle or the names of its
* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
* from this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
* IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
* CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
* EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
* PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
* NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class URLReader {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
URL oracle = new URL("https://www.oracle.com/index.html");
//URL oracle = new URL("http://www.oracle.com/");
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(oracle.openStream()));
String inputLine;
while ((inputLine = in.readLine()) != null)
System.out.println(inputLine);
in.close();
}
}
很容易知道，上面的打印结果为网站的html代码。值得注意的是：官方教程第一行代码为：
URL oracle = new URL("http://www.oracle.com/");
我运行之后，发现什么也没有输出来。于是我打开浏览器，输入该网址http://www.oracle.com/。浏览器重定位到https://www.oracle.com/index.html网站。所以我把上面例子中的URL改为此链接，运行成功，输出html代码。
具体原因我没有分析，我猜应该是重定向的问题，而url的openStream并不能追踪重定向，所以返回空？
当然这是个人猜想，具体如果我找到原因，再贴出来。各位有谁清楚的话，可以留言或者@我，canliture@outlook.com哦，谢谢 ^ _ ^。
使用URL类——创建连接
在成功创建URl对象之后，我们可以调用URL对象的
openConnection方法来获得一个URLConnection对象。或者它的特定协议的子类对象，例如java.net.HttpURLConnection。
在我们使用
URLConnection连接之前，我们可能会设置参数或者一些请求属性。当调用URLConnection.connect方法的时候，
会初始化一条通信链路，下面是一个代码实例：
try {
URL myURL = new URL("http://example.com/");
URLConnection myURLConnection = myURL.openConnection();
myURLConnection.connect();
}
catch (MalformedURLException e) {
// new URL() failed
// ...
}
catch (IOException e) {
// openConnection() failed
// ...
}
代码中，通过调用openConnection()方法，能够返回一个新创建的URLConnection对象。
我们并不总是需要显示地调用connect方法来建立连接，像getInputStream, getOutputStream,等操作在必要的时候会隐式地执行连接。例如上面的代码并不需要openConnection，却能读出请求内容，代码可以查看下一小结的代码示例（从URLConnection读）
在成功地连接之后，我们能使用URLConnection 对象来执行一些操作，像读，写等。下面的内容会有讲解。
URLConnection类——读写
URLConnection 类包含许多让你使用URL来在网络间通信的方法。URLConnection 是一个以HTTP为中心的类，意思就是说，它的许多方法只工作在HTTP形式的URL下。然而，大多数的URL协议能让你从连接中读写，这部分就讲解了读写这两部分。
从URLConnection读
/*
* Copyright (c) 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
*
* - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* - Neither the name of Oracle or the names of its
* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
* from this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
* IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
* CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
* EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
* PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
* NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class URLConnectionReader {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
URL oracle = new URL("https://www.oracle.com/index.html");
URLConnection yc = oracle.openConnection();
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
yc.getInputStream()));
String inputLine;
while ((inputLine = in.readLine()) != null)
System.out.println(inputLine);
in.close();
}
}
注意这里的代码示例与上面的使用URL类——直接从URL读数据代码的对比。这里是显式地获取得以URLConnection连接然后从连接中获取input Stream。其中通过调用getInputStream，连接时隐式地建立。
直接从URL获取内容，或者通过URLConnection来读取内容，在实现功能上没有差别。但是URLConnection用处更大，因为它还能在从URL读取内容的同时进行其它的操作，如写操作。
向URLConnection写
这里的“写”，HTTP中一般指请求参数
这里官方给了一个对HTML与服务器通信的简单例子：
许多HTMl页面包含表单（form）——文本域，或者其它的需要发给服务器端的填写字段。在你点击提交按钮表单的按钮时，浏览器会写入数据到URL。在另一端的服务器收到数据并处理，然后返回响应，通常是以一个新的页面的形式返回。
在许多情况下，提交表单的方式叫做”HTTP POST“，POST数据给服务端。这种方法叫做”POST to A URL“。服务端识别此POST请求，并读取客户端发来的数据。
Java 程序和服务端交互通常通过如下几个步骤：
- 1，
创建URL类的对象（Create a URL）- 2，
从URL中获得一个URLConnection（Retrieve the URLConnection object）- 3，
设置在此URLConnection连接能够进行输出（写）操作{ connection.setDoOutput(true); }（Set output capability on the URLConnection）- 4，
打开URL资源的连接（Open a connection to the resource）- 5，
从资源连接中获取一个输出流（Get an output stream from the connection）- 6，
写内容到输出流中（Write to the output stream）- 7，
关闭输出流（Close the output stream.）
下面是一个简单的实践程序代码：
/*
* Copyright (c) 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
*
* - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* - Neither the name of Oracle or the names of its
* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
* from this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
* IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
* CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
* EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
* PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
* NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLConnection;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
if (args.length != 2) {
System.err.println("Usage: java Reverse "
+ "http://<location of your servlet/script>"
+ " string_to_reverse");
System.exit(1);
}
String stringToReverse = URLEncoder.encode(args[1], "UTF-8");
URL url = new URL(args[0]);
URLConnection connection = url.openConnection();
connection.setDoOutput(true);
OutputStreamWriter out = new OutputStreamWriter(
connection.getOutputStream());
out.write("string=" + stringToReverse);
out.close();
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(
connection.getInputStream() ) );
String decodedString;
while ((decodedString = in.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(decodedString);
}
in.close();
}
}
程序用法很简单，要以命令行的形式运行，因为要命令行参数来作为执行参数。下面以百度网址为例，运行例子。
- 假设代码文件为Main.java
- 查看程序代码容易知道，运行的时候，我们需要加一个运行参数“string_to_reverse”
- D:\src>javac Main.java
- D:\src>java Main http://www.baidu.com/ string_to_reverse
对于咱们中文用户来说，查看输出，有坑啊！！乱码！！
查询资料。知道，我们的输出流需要设置编码，代码改进如下：
/**
.....
out.close();
**/
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(
connection.getInputStream(), "UTF-8") );
/**
String decodedString;
.....
**/
2354
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
