目录
1.介绍
Elasticsearch
,简称ES,它是个开源分布式搜索引擎- 特点:分布式,零配置,自动发现,索引自动分片,索引副本机制,
restful
风格接口,多数据源,自动搜索负载等 - 它可以近乎实时的存储、检索数据;本身扩展性很好,可以扩展到上百台服务器,处理
PB
级别的数据 ES
也使用Java开发并使用Lucene
作为其核心来实现所有索引和搜索的功能,但是它的目的是通过简单的RESTful
API来隐藏Lucene
的复杂性,从而让全文搜索变得简单
- 特点:分布式,零配置,自动发现,索引自动分片,索引副本机制,
Elasticsearch
是**面向文档**(document oriented
)的- 这意味着它可以存储整个对象或文档(
document
) - 然而它不仅仅是存储,还会索引(
index
)每个文档的内容使之可以被搜索- 可以对文档(而非成行成列的数据)进行索引、搜索、排序、过滤
- 这意味着它可以存储整个对象或文档(
2.安装
1.ES
- 添加仓库密钥:上边的添加方式会导致一个
apt-key
的警告,如果不想报警告使用下边这个# 1. wget -qO - https://artifacts.elastic.co/GPG-KEY-elasticsearch | sudo apt-key add - # 2. curl -s https://artifacts.elastic.co/GPG-KEY-elasticsearch | \ sudo gpg --no-default-keyring \ --keyring gnupg-ring:/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/icsearch.gpg --import
- 添加镜像源仓库:
echo "deb https://artifacts.elastic.co/packages/7.x/apt stable main" \ | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/elasticsearch.list
- 更新软件包列表:
sudo apt update
- 安装ES:
sudo apt-get install elasticsearch=7.17.21
- 启动ES:
sudo systemctl start elasticsearch
- 安装
ik
分词器插件:sudo /usr/share/elasticsearch/bin/elasticsearch-plugin install \ https://get.infini.cloud/elasticsearch/analysis-ik/7.17.21
- 查看ES服务的状态:
sudo systemctl status elasticsearch.service
- 验证ES是否安装成功:
curl -X GET "http://localhost:9200/"
- 设置外网访问:默认只能在本机进行访问,修改后浏览器访问
IP:PORT
vim /etc/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.yml # 新增配置 network.host: 0.0.0.0 http.port: 9200 cluster.initial_master_nodes: ["node-1"]
- 如果启动ES的时候出现报错:
- 解决方法:
# 调整ES虚拟内存,虚拟内存默认最大映射数为65530,无法满足ES系统要求, 需要调整为262144以上 sudo sysctl -w vm.max_map_count=262144 # 增加虚拟机内存配置 sudo vim /etc/elasticsearch/jvm.options # 新增如下内容 -Xms512m -Xmx512m
Job for elasticsearch.service failed because the control process exited with error code. See "systemctl status elasticsearch.service" and "journalctl -xeu elasticsearch.service" for details.
- 解决方法:
2.Kibana
- 安装Kibana:
sudo apt install kibana
- 配置Kibana(可选):根据需要配置
Kibana
,配置文件通常位于/etc/kibana/kibana.yml
,可能需要设置如服务器地址、端口、Elasticsearch URL
等 - 启动Kibana:
sudo systemctl start kibana
- 设置开机自启(可选):
sudo systemctl enable kibana
- 访问Kibana:
http://<ip>:5601
3.ES核心概念
1.索引(index)
- 一个索引就是一个拥有几分相似特征的文档的集合
- 例如:
- 有一个客户数据的索引,一个产品目录的索引,还有一个订单数据的索引
- 一个索引由一个名字来标识(必须全部是小写字母的),并且当要对应于这个索引中的文档进行索引、搜索、更新和删除的时候,都要使用到这个名字
- 例如:
- 在一个集群中,可以定义任意多的索引
- 索引类似于数据库中库的概念
- 数据库中的库,表示了一组数据的集合
- ES中的索引,是一组相似特征数据的集合
2.类型(Type)
- 在一个索引中,可以定义一种或多种类型
- 一个类型是索引的一个逻辑上的分类/分区,其语义完全由用户来定
- 通常,会为具有一组共同字段的文档定义一个类型
- 例如:
- 运营一个博客平台并且将所有的数据存储到一个索引中
- 在这个索引中,可以为用户数据定义一个类型,为博客数据定义另一个类型,为评论数据定义另一个类型
- 例如:
- [类型]类似于数据库中表的概念,在索引的概念下,又对数据集合进行了一层细分
- 现在[类型]几乎已经弃用
3.字段(Field)
- 字段相当于是数据库表的字段,对文档数据根据不同属性进行的分类标识 -> 数据类型
![[Pasted image 20240918180030.png]]
4.映射(mapping)
- 映射是在处理数据的方式和规则方面做一些限制
- 某个字段的数据类型、默认值、分析器、是否被索引等等,这些都是映射里面可以设置的
- 映射类似于告诉ES哪些字段需要分词,做出索引映射,能够进行数据检索
- 其它就是处理ES里面数据的一些使用规则设置也叫做映射
- 某个字段的数据类型、默认值、分析器、是否被索引等等,这些都是映射里面可以设置的
- 按着最优规则处理数据对性能提高很大,因此才需要建立映射,并且需要思考如何建立映射才能对性能更好
- 具体规则:
enabled
:是否仅作存储,不做搜索和分析- 取值:
true(默认)/false
- 取值:
index
:是否构建倒排索引(决定了是否分词,是否被索引)- 取值:
true(默认)/false
- 取值:
index_option
dynamic
:控制mapping
的自动更新- 取值:
true(默认)/false
- 取值:
doc_value
:是否开启doc_value
,用户聚合和排序分析,分词字段不能使用- 取值:
true(默认)/false
- 取值:
fielddata
:是否为text
类型启动fielddata
,实现排序和聚合分析- 针对分词字段,参与排序或聚合时能提高性能
- 不分词字段统一建议使用
doc_value
fielddata": { "format": "disabled" }
store
:是否单独设置此字段的是否存储而从_source
字段中分离- 取值:
true/false(默认)
- 取值:
coerce
:是否开启自动数据类型转换功能,如字符串转整形,浮点转整形- 取值:
true(默认)/false
- 取值:
analyzer
:指定分词器,默认分词器是standard analyzer
- 示例:
”analyzer”: “ik”
- 示例:
boost
:字段级别的分数加权,默认值是1.0- 示例:
”boost”: 1.25
- 示例:
fields
:对一个字段提供多种索引模式,同一个字段的值,一个分词一个不分词"fields": { "raw": { "type": "text", "index": "not_analyzed" } }
data_detection
:是否自动识别日期类型- 取值:
true(默认)/false
- 取值:
5.文档(document)
-
一个文档是一个可被索引的基础信息单元
-
例如:某一个客户的文档,某一个产品的一个文档或者某个订单的一个文档
- 文档以JSON格式来表示,而JSON是一个到处存在的互联网数据交互格式
- 在一个
index/type
里面,可以存储任意多的文档 - 一个文档必须被索引或者赋予一个索引的
type
-
Elasticsearch
与传统关系性数据库相比:DB Database Table Row Column ES Index Type Document Field
4.Kibana访问ES进行测试
- 创建索引库:
POST /user/_doc { "settings" : { "analysis" : { "analyzer" : { "ik" : { "tokenizer" : "ik_max_word" } } } }, "mappings" : { "dynamic" : true, "properties" : { "nickname" : { "type" : "text", "analyzer" : "ik_max_word" }, "user_id" : { "type" : "keyword", "analyzer" : "standard" }, "phone" : { "type" : "keyword", "analyzer" : "standard" }, "description" : { "type" : "text", "enabled" : false }, "avatar_id" : { "type" : "keyword", "enabled" : false } } } }
- 新增数据:
- 插入形式:
POST /user/_doc/_bulk {"index":{"_id":"1"}} {"user_id" : "USER4b862aaa-2df8654a-7eb4bb65e3507f66","nickname" : "昵称1","phone" : "手机号1","description" : "签名1","avatar_id" : "头像1"} {"index":{"_id":"2"}} {"user_id" : "USER14eeeaa5-442771b9-0262e455e4663d1d","nickname" : "昵称2","phone" : "手机号2","description" : "签名2","avatar_id" : "头像2"} {"index":{"_id":"3"}} {"user_id" : "USER484a6734-03a124f0-996c169dd05c1869","nickname" : "昵称3","phone" : "手机号3","description" : "签名3","avatar_id" : "头像3"} {"index":{"_id":"4"}} {"user_id" : "USER186ade83-4460d4a6-8c08068f83127b5d","nickname" : "昵称4","phone" : "手机号4","description" : "签名4","avatar_id" : "头像4"} {"index":{"_id":"5"}} {"user_id" : "USER6f19d074-c33891cf-23bf5a8357189a19","nickname" : "昵称5","phone" : "手机号5","description" : "签名5","avatar_id" : "头像5"} {"index":{"_id":"6"}} {"user_id" : "USER97605c64-9833ebb7-d045535335a59195","nickname" : "昵称6","phone" : "手机号6","description" : "签名6","avatar_id" : "头像6"}
- 便于阅读:
[ { "index": { "_id": "1" }, "user": { "user_id": "USER4b862aaa-2df8654a-7eb4bb65e3507f66", "nickname": "昵称1", "phone": "手机号1", "description": "签名1", "avatar_id": "头像1" } }, { "index": { "_id": "2" }, "user": { "user_id": "USER14eeeaa5-442771b9-0262e455e4663d1d", "nickname": "昵称2", "phone": "手机号2", "description": "签名2", "avatar_id": "头像2" } }, { "index": { "_id": "3" }, "user": { "user_id": "USER484a6734-03a124f0-996c169dd05c1869", "nickname": "昵称3", "phone": "手机号3", "description": "签名3", "avatar_id": "头像3" } }, { "index": { "_id": "4" }, "user": { "user_id": "USER186ade83-4460d4a6-8c08068f83127b5d", "nickname": "昵称4", "phone": "手机号4", "description": "签名4", "avatar_id": "头像4" } }, { "index": { "_id": "5" }, "user": { "user_id": "USER6f19d074-c33891cf-23bf5a8357189a19", "nickname": "昵称5", "phone": "手机号5", "description": "签名5", "avatar_id": "头像5" } }, { "index": { "_id": "6" }, "user": { "user_id": "USER97605c64-9833ebb7-d045535335a59195", "nickname": "昵称6", "phone": "手机号6", "description": "签名6", "avatar_id": "头像6" } } ]
- 插入形式:
- 查看并搜索数据:
GET /user/_doc/_search?pretty { "query" : { "bool" : { "must_not" : [ { "terms" : { "user_id.keyword" : [ "USER4b862aaa-2df8654a-7eb4bb65e3507f66", "USER14eeeaa5-442771b9-0262e455e4663d1d", "USER484a6734-03a124f0-996c169dd05c1869" ] } } ], "should" : [ { "match" : { "user_id" : "昵称" } }, { "match" : { "nickname" : "昵称" } }, { "match" : { "phone" : "昵称" } } ] } } }
- 删除索引:
DELETE /user
- 查询所有数据:
POST /user/_doc/_search { "query": { "match_all":{} } }
5.ES客户端的安装
- 代码
- 官网
- ES C++的客户端选择并不多, 这里使用
elasticlient
库 - 前置安装:依赖
MicroHTTPD
库sudo apt-get install libmicrohttpd-dev
- 安装:
# 克隆代码 git clone https://github.com/seznam/elasticlient # 切换目录 cd elasticlient # 更新子模块 git submodule update --init --recursive # 编译代码 make build && cd build cmake .. make # 安装 make install
6.ES客户端接口介绍
/**
* Perform search on nodes until it is successful. Throws
exception if all nodes
* has failed to respond.
* \param indexName specification of an Elasticsearch index.
* \param docType specification of an Elasticsearch document type.
* \param body Elasticsearch request body.
* \param routing Elasticsearch routing. If empty, no routing has
been used.
*
* \return cpr::Response if any of node responds to request.
* \throws ConnectionException if all hosts in cluster failed to
respond.
*/
cpr::Response search(const std::string &indexName,
const std::string &docType,
const std::string &body,
const std::string &routing = std::string());
/**
* Get document with specified id from cluster. Throws exception
if all nodes
* has failed to respond.
* \param indexName specification of an Elasticsearch index.
* \param docType specification of an Elasticsearch document type.
* \param id Id of document which should be retrieved.
* \param routing Elasticsearch routing. If empty, no routing has
been used.
*
* \return cpr::Response if any of node responds to request.
* \throws ConnectionException if all hosts in cluster failed to
respond.
*/
cpr::Response get(const std::string &indexName,
const std::string &docType,
const std::string &id = std::string(),
const std::string &routing = std::string());
/**
* Index new document to cluster. Throws exception if all nodes
has failed to respond.
* \param indexName specification of an Elasticsearch index.
* \param docType specification of an Elasticsearch document type.
* \param body Elasticsearch request body.
* \param id Id of document which should be indexed. If empty, id
will be generated
* automatically by Elasticsearch cluster.
* \param routing Elasticsearch routing. If empty, no routing has
been used.
*
* \return cpr::Response if any of node responds to request.
* \throws ConnectionException if all hosts in cluster failed to
respond.
*/
cpr::Response index(const std::string &indexName,
const std::string &docType,
const std::string &id,
const std::string &body,
const std::string &routing = std::string());
/**
* Delete document with specified id from cluster. Throws
exception if all nodes
* has failed to respond.
* \param indexName specification of an Elasticsearch index.
* \param docType specification of an Elasticsearch document type.
* \param id Id of document which should be deleted.
* \param routing Elasticsearch routing. If empty, no routing has
been used.
*
* \return cpr::Response if any of node responds to request.
* \throws ConnectionException if all hosts in cluster failed to
respond.
*/
cpr::Response remove(const std::string &indexName,
const std::string &docType,
const std::string &id,
const std::string &routing = std::string());
7.使用
- ES客户端使用注意:
- 地址后边不要忘了相对根目录:
http://127.0.0.1:9200/
- ES客户端API使用时,要进行异常捕捉,否则操作失败会导致程序异常退出
#include <iostream> #include <elasticlient/client.h> #include <cpr/cpr.h> int main() { // 1.构造ES客户端 elasticlient::Client client({"http://127.0.0.1:9200/"}); // 2.发起搜索请求 try { auto resp = client.search("user", "_doc", "{\"query\": { \"match_all\":{} }}"); std::cout << resp.status_code << std::endl; std::cout << resp.text << std::endl; } catch(std::exception &e) { std::cout << e.what() << std::endl; return -1; } return 0; }
- 地址后边不要忘了相对根目录: