sql随堂笔记

SQL是(Structured Query Language)结构化查询语言的简称，下面赵一鸣随笔博客从基础知识、判断对象和应用技巧等方面，介绍了SQL的应用方法。基础创建数据库创建之前判断该数据库是否存在if exists (select * from sysdatabases where name='databaseName')drop database databaseNamegoCreate DATABASE database-name删除数据库drop database dbname备份sql server— 创建 备份数据的 deviceUSE masterEXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat'— 开始 备份BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack创建新表create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)根据已有的表创建新表：A：gouse 原数据库名goselect * into 目的数据库名.dbo.目的表名 from 原表名(使用旧表创建新表)B：create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only创建序列create sequence SIMON_SEQUENCEminvalue 1 — 最小值maxvalue 999999999999999999999999999 最大值start with 1 开始值increment by 1 每次加几cache 20;删除新表drop table tabname增加一个列Alter table tabname add column col type注：列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变，唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。添加主键Alter table tabname add primary key(col)说明：删除主键： Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)创建索引create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….)删除索引：drop index idxname on tabname注：索引是不可更改的，想更改必须删除重新建。创建视图create view viewname as select statement删除视图：drop view viewname几个简单的基本的sql语句选择：select * from table1 where 范围插入：insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)删除：delete from table1 where 范围更新：update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围查找：select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ （所有包含‘value1’这个模式的字符串）—like的语法很精妙，查资料!排序：select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]总数：select count(*) as totalcount from table1求和：select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1平均：select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1最大：select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1最小：select min(field1) as minvalue from table1[separator]几个高级查询运算词A： UNION 运算符UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表（例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2）并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时（即 UNION ALL），不消除重复行。两种情况下，派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。B： EXCEPT 运算符EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL)，不消除重复行。C： INTERSECT 运算符INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL)，不消除重复行。注：使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。使用外连接A、left outer join：左外连接（左连接）：结果集既包括连接表的匹配行，也包括左连接表的所有行。SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.cB：right outer join:右外连接(右连接)：结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行，也包括右连接表的所有行。C：full outer join：全外连接：不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行，还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。判断对象是否存在判断数据库是否存在if exists (select * from sys.databases where name = ‘数据库名’)drop database [数据库名]判断表是否存在if not exists (select * from sysobjects where [name] = ‘表名’ and xtype=’U’)begin–这里创建表end判断存储过程是否存在if exists (select * from sysobjects where id = object_id(N'[存储过程名]’) and OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N’IsProcedure’) = 1)drop procedure [存储过程名]判断临时表是否存在if object_id(‘tempdb..#临时表名’) is not nulldrop table #临时表名判断视图是否存在–SQL Server 2000IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysviews WHERE object_id = ‘[dbo].[视图名]’–SQL Server 2005IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.views WHERE object_id = ‘[dbo].[视图名]’判断函数是否存在if exists (select * from dbo.sysobjects where id = object_id(N'[dbo].[函数名]’) and xtype in (N’FN’, N’IF’, N’TF’))drop function [dbo].[函数名]获取用户创建的对象信息SELECT [name],[id],crdate FROM sysobjects where xtype=’U’/*xtype 的表示参数类型，通常包括如下这些 C = CHECK 约束 D = 默认值或 DEFAULT 约束 F = FOREIGN KEY 约束 L = 日志 FN = 标量函数 IF = 内嵌表函数 P = 存储过程 PK = PRIMARY KEY 约束（类型是 K） RF = 复制筛选存储过程 S = 系统表 TF = 表函数 TR = 触发器 U = 用户表 UQ = UNIQUE 约束（类型是 K） V = 视图 X = 扩展存储过程 */判断列是否存在if exists(select * from syscolumns where id=object_id(‘表名’) and name=’列名’)alter table 表名 drop column 列名判断列是否自增列if columnproperty(object_id(‘table’),’col’,’IsIdentity’)=1print ‘自增列’elseprint ‘不是自增列’SELECT * FROM sys.columns WHERE object_id=OBJECT_ID(‘表名’)AND is_identity=1判断表中是否存在索引if exists(select * from sysindexes where id=object_id(‘表名’) and name=’索引名’)print ‘存在’elseprint ‘不存在查看数据库中对象SELECT * FROM sys.sysobjects WHERE name=’对象名’提升复制表(只复制结构,源表名：a 新表名：b) (Access可用)法一：select * into b from a where 1<>1法二：select top 0 * into b from a拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名：a 目标表名：b) (Access可用)insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用)insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具体数据库’ where 条件例子：..from b in ‘”&Server.MapPath(“.”&”\data.mdb” &”‘ where..子查询(表名1：a 表名2：b)select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b外连接查询(表名1：a 表名2：b)select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c在线视图查询(表名1：aselect * from (Select a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;between的用法between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2in 的使用方法select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息两张关联表delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1四表联查问题select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where …..日程安排提前五分钟提醒SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff(‘minute’,f开始时间,getdate())>5一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段前10条记录select top 10 * form table1 where 范围选择排名选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.)select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)派生结果表包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表(select a from tableA except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)随机取出10条数据select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()随机选择记录select newid()删除重复记录Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,…)列出数据库里所有的表名select name from sysobjects where type=’U’列出表里的所有的select name from syscolumns where id=object_id(‘TableName’)列示排列列示type、vender、pcs字段，以type字段排列，case可以方便地实现多重选择，类似select 中的case。select type,sum(case vender when ‘A’ then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when ‘C’ then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when ‘B’ then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type显示结果：type vender pcs电脑 A 1电脑 A 1光盘 B 2光盘 A 2手机 B 3手机 C 3初始化表table1TRUNCATE TABLE table1选择从10到15的记录select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc数据类型转换declare @numid intdeclare @id varchar(50)set @numid=2005set @id=convert(varchar,@numid)通过上述语句完成数据类型Int转换成varchar，其他转换类似，可参看convert函数技巧1=1，1=2的使用在SQL语句组合时用的较多“where 1=1” 是表示选择全部 “where 1=2”全部不选，如：if @strWhere !=’beginset @strSQL = ‘select count(*) as Total from [‘ + @tblName + ‘] where ‘ + @strWhereendelsebeginset @strSQL = ‘select count(*) as Total from [‘ + @tblName + ‘]’end我们可以直接写成set @strSQL = ‘select count(*) as Total from [‘ + @tblName + ‘] where 1=1 and ‘+ @strWhere收缩数据库–重建索引DBCC REINDEXDBCC INDEXDEFRAG–收缩数据和日志DBCC SHRINKDBDBCC SHRINKFILE压缩数据库dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限exec sp_change_users_login ‘update_one’,’newname’,’oldname’go检查备份集RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk=’E:\dvbbs.bak’修复数据库Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USERGODBCC CHECKDB(‘dvbbs’,repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCKGOAlter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USERGO日志清除SET NOCOUNT ONDECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname,@MaxMinutes INT,@NewSize INTUSE tablename — 要操作的数据库名Select @LogicalFileName = ‘tablename_log’, — 日志文件名@MaxMinutes = 10, — Limit on time allowed to wrap log.@NewSize = 1 — 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M)— Setup / initializeDECLARE @OriginalSize intSelect @OriginalSize = sizeFROM sysfilesWhere name = @LogicalFileNameSelect ‘Original Size of ‘ + db_name() + ‘ LOG is ‘ +CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ‘ 8K pages or ‘ +CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + ‘MB’FROM sysfilesWhere name = @LogicalFileNameCreate TABLE DummyTrans(DummyColumn char (8000) not null)DECLARE @Counter INT,@StartTime DATETIME,@TruncLog VARCHAR(255)Select @StartTime = GETDATE(),@TruncLog = ‘BACKUP LOG ‘ + db_name() + ‘ WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY’DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize)EXEC (@TruncLog)— Wrap the log if necessary.WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) — time has not expiredAND @OriginalSize = (Select size FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName)AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSizeBEGIN — Outer loop.Select @Counter = 0WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000))BEGIN — updateInsert DummyTrans VALUES (‘Fill Log’)Delete DummyTransSelect @Counter = @Counter + 1ENDEXEC (@TruncLog)ENDSelect ‘Final Size of ‘ + db_name() + ‘ LOG is ‘ +CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ‘ 8K pages or ‘ +CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + ‘MB’FROM sysfilesWhere name = @LogicalFileNameDrop TABLE DummyTransSET NOCOUNT OFF更改某个表exec sp_changeobjectowner ‘tablename’,’dbo’存储更改全部表Create PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128),@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128)ASDECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128)DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128)DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)DECLARE curObject CURSOR FORselect 'Name' = name,'Owner' = user_name(uid)from sysobjectswhere user_name(uid)=@OldOwnerorder by nameOPEN curObjectFETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @OwnerWHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0)BEGINif @Owner=@OldOwnerbeginset @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name)exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwnerend– select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwnerFETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @OwnerENDclose curObjectdeallocate curObjectGOSQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据declare @i intset @i=1while @i<30begininsert into test (userid) values(@i)set @i=@i+1end