部分遗留Python语法（0）

以下大部分均搬运自：Python's @classmethod and @staticmethod Explained

@classmethod & @staticmethod

class Student(object):

    def __init__(self, first_name, last_name):
        self.first_name = first_name
        self.last_name = last_name

    @classmethod
    def from_string(cls, name_str):
        first_name, last_name = map(str, name_str.split(' '))
        student = cls(first_name, last_name)
        return student


if __name__ == "__main__":
    scott = Student('Scott',  'Robinson')

    scott1 = Student.from_string('Scott Robinson')

其中在@classmethod中cls是作为class methods的the first argument，就像是实例化方法__init__中的self作为instance methods的the first argument。（参考PEP 8）

和@staticmethod的一个优点是，不要实例化就可以调用（类）方法。但是@staticmethod是在不传cls进去的情况下调用，例如：

class Student(object):

    @staticmethod
    def is_full_name(name_str):
        names = name_str.split(' ')
        return len(names) > 1

Student.is_full_name('Scott Robinson')   # True
Student.is_full_name('Scott')            # False

相同点：都是decorator（A Python decorator is a specific change to the Python syntax that allows us to more conveniently alter functions and methods (and possibly classes in a future version). ）；These types of methods aren't typically meant to create/instantiate objects, but they may contain some type of logic pertaining to the class itself, like a helper or utility method.

主要区别：This cls parameter is the class object we talked about, which allows @classmethod methods to easily instantiate the class, regardless of any inheritance going on. The lack of this cls parameter in @staticmethod methods make them true static methods in the traditional sense. 

讲到底是@classmethod是一种可以轻松完成实例化的方法，而@staticmethod是真正的“静态”方法。

文章最后还留个例子：

class ClassGrades:

    def __init__(self, grades):
        self.grades = grades

    @classmethod
    def from_csv(cls, grade_csv_str):
        grades = map(int, grade_csv_str.split(', '))
        cls.validate(grades)
        return cls(grades)


    @staticmethod
    def validate(grades):
        for g in grades:
            if g < 0 or g > 100:
                raise Exception()

try:
    # Try out some valid grades
    class_grades_valid = ClassGrades.from_csv('90, 80, 85, 94, 70')
    print 'Got grades:', class_grades_valid.grades

    # Should fail with invalid grades
    class_grades_invalid = ClassGrades.from_csv('92, -15, 99, 101, 77, 65, 100')
    print class_grades_invalid.grades
except:
    print 'Invalid!'