Leetcode 279. Perfect Squares
题目
解法1:暴力recursion(TLE):
class Solution:
def numSquares(self, n: int) -> int:
def helper(curr,remain):
nonlocal ans
if remain<0:
return
if remain==0:
ans = min(ans,curr)
return
for num in square_numbers:
helper(curr+1,remain-num*num)
if n == 0 or n==1:
return n
ans = float('inf')
square_numbers = [i for i in range(1,n//2+1)]
helper(0,n)
return ans
解法2:memorization+recursion(TLE)
python解法:
class Solution:
def numSquares(self, n: int) -> int:
def helper(remain):
if memo[remain] != float('inf'):
return memo[remain]
if remain==0:
return 0
for num in square_numbers:
if num<=remain:
memo[remain] = min(memo[remain],1+helper(remain-num))
return memo[remain]
if n == 0 or n==1:
return n
memo = [float('inf')]*(n+1)
square_numbers = [i*i for i in range(1,int(n**0.5)+1)]
return helper(n)
C++解法:
class Solution {
public:
int numSquares(int n) {
if (n==0 || n==1) return n;
vector<int> square_numbers;
for (int i=1;i<n/2+1;i++){
square_numbers.push_back(i);
}
vector<int> memo(n+1,INT_MAX);
return helper(n,memo,square_numbers);
}
int helper(int remain,vector<int>& memo,vector<int> square_numbers){
if (memo[remain] != INT_MAX) return memo[remain];
if (remain==0) return 0;
for (auto num:square_numbers){
if (num*num<=remain){
memo[remain] = min(memo[remain],1+helper(remain-num*num,memo,square_numbers));
}
}
return memo[remain];
}
};
recursion解法加上memorization居然还是TLE,挺惊讶的。不过对理解recursion还是有好处的
解法3:动态规划
对于分割类型题,动态规划的状态转移方程通常并不依赖相邻的位置,而是依赖于满足分割 条件的位置。我们定义一个一维矩阵 dp,其中 dp[i] 表示数字 i 最少可以由几个完全平方数相加 构成。在本题中,位置i只依赖i- k2 的位置,如i-1、i-4、i-9等等,才能满足完全平方分割 的条件。因此dp[i]可以取的最小值即为1+min(dp[i-1],dp[i-4],dp[i-9]···)。
python代码如下:
class Solution:
def numSquares(self, n: int) -> int:
dp = [float('inf')]*(n+1)
dp[0] = 0
for i in range(1,n+1):
j = 1
while j*j<=i:
dp[i] = min(dp[i], dp[i-j*j] + 1)
j+=1
return dp[n]
这种解法有可能会TLE,可以稍微改进一下就是把平方数预存一下,避免重复的平方计算,代码如下:
class Solution:
def numSquares(self, n: int) -> int:
# dp解法2
square_nums = [i**2 for i in range(0, int(math.sqrt(n))+1)]
dp = [float('inf')] * (n+1)
# bottom case
dp[0] = 0
for i in range(1, n+1):
for square in square_nums:
if i < square:
break
dp[i] = min(dp[i], dp[i-square] + 1)
return dp[-1]
C++版本dp解法代码如下:
class Solution {
public:
int numSquares(int n) {
vector<int> dp(n+1,INT_MAX);
dp[0] = 0;
for (int i=1;i<=n;i++){
for (int j=1;j*j<=i;j++){
dp[i] = min(dp[i], dp[i-j*j] + 1);
}
} return dp[n];
}
};
相对来说C++的速度自然快很多,不会出现TLE的情况
解法4:greedy by recursion
这种解法的核心思想就是通过recursion把数字breakdown成很多的子部分,然后通过递归的判断子部分是否能用平方和的方式来表示,具体如下:
- 我们定义一个function,这个function接受两个参数,一个是当前要被分割的数字n,另一个是需要被分割成几部分count,函数返回值是n是否能被分割成count个部分,每个部分是一个平方数
- count从小到大开始遍历,最先成功的就是我们的答案
python代码如下:
class Solution:
def numSquares(self, n: int) -> int:
# greedy + recursion 解法
def can_divided_by(n,count):
if count == 1:
return n in square_nums
for k in square_nums:
if can_divided_by(n-k,count-1):
return True
return False
square_nums = [i*i for i in range(1,int(n**0.5)+1)]
for count in range(1,n+1):
if can_divided_by(n,count):
return count
C++版本代码如下:
class Solution {
public:
int numSquares(int n) {
set<int> square_nums;
for (int i=1;i*i<=n;i++){
square_nums.insert(i*i);
}
for (int count=1;count<=n;count++){
if (can_divided_by(n,count,square_nums)) return count;
} return 0;
}
bool can_divided_by(int n, int count, set<int>& square_nums){
if (count==1) return square_nums.find(n)!=square_nums.end();
for (auto k:square_nums){
if (can_divided_by(n-k,count-1,square_nums)) return true;
} return false;
}
};