python3中TypeError: data type not understood的解决方法X_b = np.hstack([np.ones((len(x), 1)), x.reshape(-1,

 

学习6-4 实现线性回归中的梯度下降法时，在JupterNotebook中按照教程来完全没有问题。但是在pycharm中封装这个方法时：

    def fit_gd(self, X_train, y_train, eta = 0.01, n_iters=1e4):
        """根据训练数据集X_train, y_train，使用梯度下降法训练Linear Regression模型"""
        assert X_train.shape[0] == y_train.shape[0], \
            "the size of X_train must be equal to the size of y_train"

        def J(theta, X_b, y):
            try:
                return np.sum((y - X_b.dot(theta)) ** 2) / len(y)
            except:
                return float('inf')

        def dJ(theta, X_b, y):
            res = np.empty(len(theta))
            res[0] = np.sum(X_b.dot(theta) - y)
            for i in range(1, len(theta)):
                res[i] = (X_b.dot(theta) - y).dot(X_b[:, i])
            return res * 2 / len(X_b)

        def gradient_descent(X_b, y, initial_theta, eta, n_iters=1e4, epsilon=1