Docker-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_37955704/article/details/112547541

一. Docker安装

环境说明
Linux基础
Centos
Xshell

1. 环境查看

# 系统内核是 3.10 以上的
[root@localhost /]# uname -r
3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64

# 系统版本
[root@localhost /]# cat /etc/os-release 
NAME="CentOS Linux"
VERSION="7 (Core)"
ID="centos"
ID_LIKE="rhel fedora"
VERSION_ID="7"
PRETTY_NAME="CentOS Linux 7 (Core)"
ANSI_COLOR="0;31"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:centos:centos:7"
HOME_URL="https://www.centos.org/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.centos.org/"

CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT="CentOS-7"
CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT_VERSION="7"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT="centos"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT_VERSION="7"

2. 安装docker

# 1.卸载旧的版本
sudo yum remove docker \
                  docker-client \
                  docker-client-latest \
                  docker-common \
                  docker-latest \
                  docker-latest-logrotate \
                  docker-logrotate \
                  docker-engine

# 2.需要的安装包
yum install -y yum-utils

# 3.设置镜像的仓库
sudo yum-config-manager \
    --add-repo \
    https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo  #默认是国外的


sudo yum-config-manager \
    --add-repo \
	http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo #推荐使用阿里云的

# 更新yum软件包索引
yum makecache fast

# 4. 安装docker的相关引擎
yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io

# 5. 启动docker
[root@localhost /]# systemctl start docker

# 6.使用docker version 测试是否安装成功
[root@localhost /]# docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           20.10.2
 API version:       1.41
 Go version:        go1.13.15
 Git commit:        2291f61
 Built:             Mon Dec 28 16:17:48 2020
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
 Context:           default
 Experimental:      true

Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:          20.10.2
  API version:      1.41 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:       go1.13.15
  Git commit:       8891c58
  Built:            Mon Dec 28 16:16:13 2020
  OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
  Experimental:     false
 containerd:
  Version:          1.4.3
  GitCommit:        269548fa27e0089a8b8278fc4fc781d7f65a939b
 runc:
  Version:          1.0.0-rc92
  GitCommit:        ff819c7e9184c13b7c2607fe6c30ae19403a7aff
 docker-init:
  Version:          0.19.0
  GitCommit:        de40ad0

# 7. hello-world
[root@localhost /]# docker run hello-world
Unable to find image 'hello-world:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/hello-world
0e03bdcc26d7: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:1a523af650137b8accdaed439c17d684df61ee4d74feac151b5b337bd29e7eec
Status: Downloaded newer image for hello-world:latest

Hello from Docker!
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.

To generate this message, Docker took the following steps:
 1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon.
 2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub.
    (amd64)
 3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the
    executable that produces the output you are currently reading.
 4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it
    to your terminal.

To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with:
 $ docker run -it ubuntu bash

Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker ID:
 https://hub.docker.com/

For more examples and ideas, visit:
 https://docs.docker.com/get-started/

8.查看一下下载的这个hello-world镜像

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配置加速器

sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker

sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://lj1g9tkb.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF

sudo systemctl daemon-reload

sudo systemctl restart docker

3. 安装docker compose

运行以下命令以下载Docker Compose的当前稳定版本：

官网命令

sudo curl -L "https://github.com/docker/compose/releases/download/1.27.4/docker-compose-$(uname -s)-$(uname -m)" -o /usr/local/bin/docker-compose

命令

curl -L https://get.daocloud.io/docker/compose/releases/download/1.25.4/docker-compose-`uname -s`-`uname -m` > /usr/local/bin/docker-compose

将可执行权限应用于二进制文件：

chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-compose

注意：如果命令docker-compose在安装后失败，请检查您的路径。您也可以创建指向/usr/bin或路径中任何其他目录的符号链接

sudo ln -s /usr/local/bin/docker-compose /usr/bin/docker-compose

3.测试安装

 docker-compose --version

二. docker的常用命令

docker version   # 显示docker的版本信息
docker info 	# 显示docker的所有信息
docker 命令 --help  # 帮助命令

帮助文档地址

https://docs.docker.com/reference/

1. 镜像命令

docker images 查看所有本地主机上的镜像

[root@localhost /]# docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
hello-world   latest    bf756fb1ae65   12 months ago   13.3kB

# 解释
REPOSITORY	镜像的仓库源
TAG			镜像的标签
IMAGE ID	镜像的id
CREATED		镜像的创建时间
SIZE		镜像的大小

# 可选项
  -a, --all             # 列出所有镜像
  -q, --quiet           # 只显示镜像的id

docker search 搜索镜像

[root@localhost /]# docker search mysql
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql                             MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   10369     [OK]       
mariadb                           MariaDB is a community-developed fork of MyS…   3842      [OK]

# 可选项，通过收藏来过滤
	--filters=STARS=3000  # 搜索出来的镜像是就是starts大于3000的镜像
	
[root@localhost /]# docker search mysql --filter=stars=3000
NAME      DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql     MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   10369     [OK]       
mariadb   MariaDB is a community-developed fork of MyS…   3842      [OK]       
[root@localhost /]# docker search mysql --filter=stars=5000
NAME      DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql     MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   10369     [OK]

docker pull 下载镜像

[root@localhost /]# docker pull mysql
Using default tag: latest				# 如果不写tag，默认就是latest
latest: Pulling from library/mysql
6ec7b7d162b2: Pull complete 			# 分层下载，docker image 的核心	联合文件系统
fedd960d3481: Pull complete 
7ab947313861: Pull complete 
64f92f19e638: Pull complete 
3e80b17bff96: Pull complete 
014e976799f9: Pull complete 
59ae84fee1b3: Pull complete 
ffe10de703ea: Pull complete 
657af6d90c83: Pull complete 
98bfb480322c: Pull complete 
6aa3859c4789: Pull complete 
1ed875d851ef: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:78800e6d3f1b230e35275145e657b82c3fb02a27b2d8e76aac2f5e90c1c30873		# 签名
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest
docker.io/library/mysql:latest		# 真实地址

# 等价命令
docker pull mysql
docker pull docker.io/library/mysql:latest

# 指定版本下载
[root@localhost /]# docker pull mysql:5.7
5.7: Pulling from library/mysql
a076a628af6f: Pull complete 
f6c208f3f991: Pull complete 
88a9455a9165: Pull complete 
406c9b8427c6: Pull complete 
7c88599c0b25: Pull complete 
25b5c6debdaf: Pull complete 
43a5816f1617: Pull complete 
7065aaa2655f: Pull complete 
b4bc531db40f: Pull complete 
8c3e9d7c9815: Pull complete 
fadfb9734ed2: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:e08834258fcc0efd01df358222333919df53d4a0d9b2a54da05b204b822e3b7b
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7
docker.io/library/mysql:5.7

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docker rmi 删除镜像

[root@localhost /]# docker rmi -f 容器id  	# 删除指定的容器
[root@localhost /]# docker rmi -f 容器id  容器id  容器id	# 删除多个容器
[root@localhost /]# docker rmi -f ${docker images -aq} # 删除全部的容器

2. 容器命令

说明：有了镜像，我们才能创建容器，Linux，下载一个centos镜像来测试学习

[root@localhost /]# docker pull centos

新建容器并启动

docker run [可选参数] image

# 参数说明
--name="Name" 	容器名字	tomcat01 tomcat02,用来区分容器
-d				后台方式运行
-it				使用交互方式运行，进入容器查看内容
-p				指定容器端口	-p 8080:8080
	-p	ip:主机端口：容器端口
	-p	主机端口：容器端口
	-p	容器端口
	容器端口
-p				指定随机端口

# 测试，启动并进入容器
[root@localhost /]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@b749eb2a8776 /]# 

[root@b749eb2a8776 /]# ls	# 查看容器内的centos,基础版本，很多命令都是不完善的！
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var

# 从容器中退回主机
[root@b749eb2a8776 /]# exit
exit
[root@localhost /]# ls
bin  boot  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
[root@localhost /]#

列出所有运行的容器

# docker ps 命令
		#  列出当前正在运行的容器
-a 		#  列出当前正在运行的容器+带出list运行过的容器
-n=?	#  显示最近创建的容器
-q		#  只显示容器的编号

[root@localhost /]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
[root@localhost /]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED             STATUS                          PORTS     NAMES
b749eb2a8776   centos         "/bin/bash"   4 minutes ago       Exited (0) About a minute ago             sleepy_faraday
cef2b1ae46f8   centos         "/bin/bash"   7 minutes ago       Exited (0) 5 minutes ago                  hungry_mendel
77f85c974311   bf756fb1ae65   "/hello"      About an hour ago   Exited (0) About an hour ago              hardcore_wiles

退出容器

exit		# 直接停止容器并退出
ctrl+P+Q	# 容器不停止退出

删除容器

docker rm 容器id					# 删除指定的容器，不能删除正在运行的容器，如果要强制删除 rm -f
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)	 # 删除所有的容器
docker ps -a -q|xargs docker rm  # 删除所有容器

启动和停止容器的操作

docker start 容器id		# 启动容器
docker restart 容器id		# 重启容器
docker stop 容器id		# 停止正在运行的容器
docker kill 容器id		# 强制停止当前的容器

3. 常用其他命令

后台启动容器

# 命令 docker run -d 镜像名
[root@localhost /]# docker run -d centos

# 问题：docker ps,发现centos停止了

# 常见的坑：docker 容器使用后台运行，就必须要有一个前台进程，docker发现没有应用，就会自动停止
# nginx，容器启动后，发现自己没有提供服务，就会立刻停止，就是没有程序了

查看日志

docker logs -f -t --tail 容器，没有日志

# 自己编写一段shell脚本
[root@localhost /]# docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo linzai;sleep 1;done"

#[root@localhost /]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
576b85221375   centos    "/bin/sh -c 'while t…"   7 seconds ago   Up 7 seconds             objective_wozniak

#显示日志
	-tf			  # 显示日志	
	--tail number # 要显示的日志条数
[root@localhost /]# docker logs -ft --tail 10 576b85221375

查看容器中的进程信息

top命令 ： docker top 容器id
[root@localhost /]# docker top 576b85221375
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME     
root                79815               79793               0                   02:37               ?                   00:00:00 
root                80403               79815               0                   02:44               ?                   00:00:00

查看镜像元数据

# 命令
docker inspect 容器id

# 测试
[root@localhost /]# docker inspect 576b85221375
[
    {
        "Id": "576b8522137528072f3d950902e7b82b81614fc9c5afd6ff3ec5640b2d579b58",
        "Created": "2021-01-12T18:37:55.069356505Z",
        "Path": "/bin/sh",
        "Args": [
            "-c",
            "while true;do echo linzai;sleep 1;done"
        ],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 79815,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2021-01-12T18:37:55.345760288Z",
            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:300e315adb2f96afe5f0b2780b87f28ae95231fe3bdd1e16b9ba606307728f55",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/576b8522137528072f3d950902e7b82b81614fc9c5afd6ff3ec5640b2d579b58/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/576b8522137528072f3d950902e7b82b81614fc9c5afd6ff3ec5640b2d579b58/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/576b8522137528072f3d950902e7b82b81614fc9c5afd6ff3ec5640b2d579b58/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/576b8522137528072f3d950902e7b82b81614fc9c5afd6ff3ec5640b2d579b58/576b8522137528072f3d950902e7b82b81614fc9c5afd6ff3ec5640b2d579b58-json.log",
        "Name": "/objective_wozniak",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "CgroupnsMode": "host",
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/449f752716704463aea6becf664fef698ceab9f46348f9f361a14d0079cceaa2-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/88afc31d6ab4ebd4ccb2899f731d04ffa4e9626ac65dbdb37263bf70e1b5c973/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/449f752716704463aea6becf664fef698ceab9f46348f9f361a14d0079cceaa2/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/449f752716704463aea6becf664fef698ceab9f46348f9f361a14d0079cceaa2/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/449f752716704463aea6becf664fef698ceab9f46348f9f361a14d0079cceaa2/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "576b85221375",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/sh",
                "-c",
                "while true;do echo linzai;sleep 1;done"
            ],
            "Image": "centos",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20201204",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "c0c3f0c8526bb3ce668c4f3580e7b1d544eed1effc58c46be5a9a265ae25d06b",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {},
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/c0c3f0c8526b",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "713712b4a983b9c18345c9e8974cfcfac50a0ea3a8b682993b9c8b91373fa039",
            "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "386dc956a29955defdfcbf5da031bacde839a815abf8c53b9d62d508c277d31d",
                    "EndpointID": "713712b4a983b9c18345c9e8974cfcfac50a0ea3a8b682993b9c8b91373fa039",
                    "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

进入当前正在运行的容器

# 我们通常容器都是使用后台方式运行的，需要进入容器，修改一些配置

# 命令
docker exec -it 容器id bashShell

# 测试
[root@localhost /]# docker exec -it 576b85221375 /bin/bash
[root@576b85221375 /]# ls
bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
[root@576b85221375 /]# ps -ef
UID         PID   PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root          1      0  0 18:37 ?        00:00:00 /bin/sh -c while true;do echo linzai;sleep 1;done
root       1117      0  0 18:56 pts/0    00:00:00 /bin/bash
root       1144      1  0 18:56 ?        00:00:00 /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=sleep /usr/bin/sleep 1
root       1145   1117  0 18:56 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -ef

# 方式二
docker attach 容器id
# 测试
[root@localhost /]# docker attach 576b85221375
正在执行当前的代码....

# docker exec   # 进入容器后开启一个新的终端，可以在里面操作(常用)
# docker attach # 进入容器正在执行的终端，不会启动新的进程！

从容器内拷贝文件到主机上

docker cp 容器id:容器内的路径 目的主机路径

# 进入docker容器内部
[root@localhost home]# docker attach 7e341d9365cd
[root@7e341d9365cd /]# cd /home/
[root@7e341d9365cd home]# ls
# 在容器内新建一个文件
[root@7e341d9365cd home]# touch test.java
[root@7e341d9365cd home]# ls
test.java
[root@7e341d9365cd home]# exit
exit
[root@localhost home]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
[root@localhost home]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED              STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
7e341d9365cd   300e315adb2f   "/bin/bash"   About a minute ago   Exited (0) 8 seconds ago             nostalgic_chaum
# 将这个文件拷贝出来到主机上
[root@localhost home]# docker cp 7e341d9365cd:/home/test.java /home/
[root@localhost home]# ls
linzai.java  test.java  wangshilin
[root@localhost home]#

# 拷贝是一个手动的过程，未来我们使用 -v 卷的技术，可以实现自动同步