全网最详细并发编程（3）—入门篇
本文主要讲解wait/notify的正确使用姿势、park/unpark、join()的原理、模式之生产者-消费者模式(异步)、保护性暂停模式(同步)、线程状态转换的流程、死锁和活锁以及如何检查死锁等。
一、 wait notify
演示wait/notify
运行结果
二、wait/notify的正确使用姿势
step 1
static final Object room = new Object();
static boolean hasCigarette = false;
static boolean hasTakeout = false;
//思考下面的解决方案好不好，为什么？
new Thread(() -> {
synchronized (room) {
log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
if (!hasCigarette) {
log.debug("没烟，先歇会！");
sleep(2);
}
log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
if (hasCigarette) {
log.debug("可以开始干活了");
}
}
}, "小南").start();
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
new Thread(() -> {
synchronized (room) {
log.debug("可以开始干活了");
}
}, "其它人").start();
}
sleep(1);
new Thread(() -> {
// 这里能不能加 synchronized (room)？
hasCigarette = true;
log.debug("烟到了噢！");
}, "送烟的").start();
输出
20:49:49.883 [小南] c.TestCorrectPosture - 有烟没？[false]
20:49:49.887 [小南] c.TestCorrectPosture - 没烟，先歇会！
20:49:50.882 [送烟的] c.TestCorrectPosture - 烟到了噢！
20:49:51.887 [小南] c.TestCorrectPosture - 有烟没？[true]
20:49:51.887 [小南] c.TestCorrectPosture - 可以开始干活了
20:49:51.887 [其它人] c.TestCorrectPosture - 可以开始干活了
20:49:51.887 [其它人] c.TestCorrectPosture - 可以开始干活了
20:49:51.888 [其它人] c.TestCorrectPosture - 可以开始干活了
20:49:51.888 [其它人] c.TestCorrectPosture - 可以开始干活了
20:49:51.888 [其它人] c.TestCorrectPosture - 可以开始干活了
step 2
思考下面的实现行吗，为什么？
new Thread(() -> {
synchronized (room) {
log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
if (!hasCigarette) {
log.debug("没烟，先歇会！");
try {
room.wait(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
if (hasCigarette) {
log.debug("可以开始干活了");
}
}
}, "小南").start();
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
new Thread(() -> {
synchronized (room) {
log.debug("可以开始干活了");
}
}, "其它人").start();
}
sleep(1);
new Thread(() -> {
synchronized (room) {
hasCigarette = true;
log.debug("烟到了噢！");
room.notify();
}
}, "送烟的").start();
输出
20:51:42.489 [小南] c.TestCorrectPosture - 有烟没？[false]
20:51:42.493 [小南] c.TestCorrectPosture - 没烟，先歇会！
20:51:42.493 [其它人] c.TestCorrectPosture - 可以开始干活了
20:51:42.493 [其它人] c.TestCorrectPosture - 可以开始干活了
20:51:42.494 [其它人] c.TestCorrectPosture - 可以开始干活了
20:51:42.494 [其它人] c.TestCorrectPosture - 可以开始干活了
20:51:42.494 [其它人] c.TestCorrectPosture - 可以开始干活了
20:51:43.490 [送烟的] c.TestCorrectPosture - 烟到了噢！
20:51:43.490 [小南] c.TestCorrectPosture - 有烟没？[true]
20:51:43.490 [小南] c.TestCorrectPosture - 可以开始干活了
new Thread(() -> {
synchronized (room) {
log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
if (!hasCigarette) {
log.debug("没烟，先歇会！");
try {
room.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
log.debug("有烟没？[{}]", hasCigarette);
if (hasCigarette) {
log.debug("可以开始干活了");
} else {
log.debug("没干成活...");
}
}
}, "小南").start();
new Thread(() -> {
synchronized (room) {
Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
log.debug("外卖送到没？[{}]", hasTakeout);
if (!hasTakeout) {
log.debug("没外卖，先歇会！");
try {
room.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
log.debug("外卖送到没？[{}]", hasTakeout);
if (hasTakeout) {
log.debug("可以开始干活了");
} else {
log.debug("没干成活...");
}
}
}, "小女").start();
sleep(1);
new Thread(() -> {
synchronized (room) {
hasTakeout = true;
log.debug("外卖到了噢！");
room.notify();
}
}, "送外卖的").start();
step4
new Thread(() -> {
synchronized (room) {
hasTakeout = true;
log.debug("外卖到了噢！");
room.notifyAll();
}
}, "送外卖的").start();
三、模式篇
1、保护性暂停
class GuardedObject {
private Object response;
private final Object lock = new Object();
public Object get() {
synchronized (lock) {
// 条件不满足则等待
while (response == null) {
try {
lock.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} }
return response; }
}
public void complete(Object response) {
synchronized (lock) {
// 条件满足，通知等待线程
this.response = response;
lock.notifyAll();
}
}
}
应用：一方等待另一方的返回结果（带超时版 GuardedObject）
@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestGurad")
public class TestGuard {
public static void main(String[] args) {
GuardObject guardObject = new GuardObject();
new Thread(() ->{
//等待结果
log.debug("等待结果");
List<String> results = (List<String>)guardObject.get(2000);
// log.debug("获取结果完毕,结果大小为：{}",results.size());
log.debug("结果：{}",results);
},"t1").start();
new Thread(() -> {
//执行下载
log.debug("执行下载");
List<String> downloaderData = null;
try {
downloaderData = Downloader.download();
guardObject.produce(null);
// log.debug("下载结束");
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
},"t2").start();
}
}
class GuardObject{
//结果
private Object response;
//获取结果
public Object get(long timeout){
synchronized (this){
//记录开始时间
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
//记录经历的时间
long passTime = 0;
//没有结果
while (response == null) {
//waitTime为这一轮循环应该等待的时间
long watiTime = timeout - passTime ;
//经历的时间超过超时时间就退出循环不再等待
if(watiTime<0){
break;
}
try {
this.wait(watiTime); //避免虚假唤醒的情况，下一轮就不用等待timeout这么多时间了
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
passTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
}
return response;
}
}
//产生结果
public void produce(Object response){
synchronized (this){
//给结果成员变量赋值
this.response = response;
this.notifyAll();
}
}
}
1.1、join()的原理
1.2多任务版GuardObject（一个线程对应一个GuardObject）
@Slf4j(topic = "c.Test20")
public class Test20 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
new People().start();
}
Sleeper.sleep(1);
for (Integer id : Mailboxes.getIds()) {
new Postman(id, "内容" + id).start();
}
}
}
@Slf4j(topic = "c.People")
class People extends Thread{
@Override
public void run() {
// 收信
GuardedObject guardedObject = Mailboxes.createGuardedObject();
log.debug("开始收信 id:{}", guardedObject.getId());
Object mail = guardedObject.get(5000);
log.debug("收到信 id:{}, 内容:{}", guardedObject.getId(), mail);
}
}
@Slf4j(topic = "c.Postman")
class Postman extends Thread {
private int id;
private String mail;
public Postman(int id, String mail) {
this.id = id;
this.mail = mail;
}
@Override
public void run() {
GuardedObject guardedObject = Mailboxes.getGuardedObject(id);
log.debug("送信 id:{}, 内容:{}", id, mail);
guardedObject.complete(mail);
}
}
class Mailboxes {
private static Map<Integer, GuardedObject> boxes = new Hashtable<>();
private static int id = 1;
// 产生唯一 id
private static synchronized int generateId() {
return id++;
}
public static GuardedObject getGuardedObject(int id) {
//根据id获取到box并删除对应的key和value,避免堆内存爆了
return boxes.remove(id);
}
public static GuardedObject createGuardedObject() {
GuardedObject go = new GuardedObject(generateId());
boxes.put(go.getId(), go);
return go;
}
public static Set<Integer> getIds() {
return boxes.keySet();
}
}
// 增加超时效果
class GuardedObject {
// 标识 Guarded Object
private int id;
public GuardedObject(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
// 结果
private Object response;
// 获取结果
// timeout 表示要等待多久 2000
public Object get(long timeout) {
synchronized (this) {
// 开始时间 15:00:00
long begin = System.currentTimeMillis();
// 经历的时间
long passedTime = 0;
while (response == null) {
// 这一轮循环应该等待的时间
long waitTime = timeout - passedTime;
// 经历的时间超过了最大等待时间时，退出循环
if (timeout - passedTime <= 0) {
break;
}
try {
this.wait(waitTime); // 虚假唤醒 15:00:01
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
// 求得经历时间
passedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - begin; // 15:00:02 1s
}
return response;
}
}
// 产生结果
public void complete(Object response) {
synchronized (this) {
// 给结果成员变量赋值
this.response = response;
this.notifyAll();
}
}
}
2、生产者-消费者模式（异步模式）
@Slf4j(topic = "c.Test21")
public class Test21 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MessageQueue queue = new MessageQueue(2);
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
int id = i;
new Thread(() -> {
queue.put(new Message(id , "值"+id));
}, "生产者" + i).start();
}
new Thread(() -> {
while(true) {
sleep(1);
Message message = queue.take();
}
}, "消费者").start();
}
}
// 消息队列类 ， java 线程之间通信
@Slf4j(topic = "c.MessageQueue")
class MessageQueue {
// 消息的队列集合
private LinkedList<Message> list = new LinkedList<>();
// 队列容量
private int capcity;
public MessageQueue(int capcity) {
this.capcity = capcity;
}
// 获取消息
public Message take() {
// 检查队列是否为空
synchronized (list) {
while(list.isEmpty()) {
try {
log.debug("队列为空, 消费者线程等待");
list.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
// 从队列头部获取消息并返回
Message message = list.removeFirst();
log.debug("已消费消息 {}", message);
list.notifyAll();
return message;
}
}
// 存入消息
public void put(Message message) {
synchronized (list) {
// 检查对象是否已满
while(list.size() == capcity) {
try {
log.debug("队列已满, 生产者线程等待");
list.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
// 将消息加入队列尾部
list.addLast(message);
log.debug("已生产消息 {}", message);
list.notifyAll();
}
}
}
final class Message {
private int id;
private Object value;
public Message(int id, Object value) {
this.id = id;
this.value = value;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public Object getValue() {
return value;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Message{" +
"id=" + id +
", value=" + value +
'}';
}
}
输出结果：
2.1 park & unpark
输出结果：
2.1.1 park/unpark与wait/notify的区别
2.1.2 park & unpark的原理
两种情况：
① 先调用park,再调用unpark
② 先调用unpark，再调用park
2.1.3 重新理解线程之间的六种转换状态
2.1.4 多把锁
改进
public class TestMultiLock {
public static void main(String[] args) {
BigRoom bigRoom = new BigRoom();
new Thread(() -> {
bigRoom.study();
},"小南").start();
new Thread(() -> {
bigRoom.sleep();
},"小女").start();
}
}
@Slf4j(topic = "c.BigRoom")
class BigRoom {
private final Object studyRoom = new Object();
private final Object bedRoom = new Object();
public void sleep() {
synchronized (bedRoom) {
log.debug("sleeping 2 小时");
Sleeper.sleep(2);
}
}
public void study() {
synchronized (studyRoom) {
log.debug("study 1 小时");
Sleeper.sleep(1);
}
}
}
2.1.5 活跃性
@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestDeadLock")
public class TestDeadLock {
public static void main(String[] args) {
test1();
}
private static void test1() {
Object A = new Object();
Object B = new Object();
Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {
synchronized (A) {
log.debug("lock A");
sleep(1);
synchronized (B) {
log.debug("lock B");
log.debug("操作...");
}
}
}, "t1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(() -> {
synchronized (B) {
log.debug("lock B");
sleep(0.5);
synchronized (A) {
log.debug("lock A");
log.debug("操作...");
}
}
}, "t2");
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
结果：
2.1.6 哲学家就餐问题
public class TestDeadLock {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Chopstick c1 = new Chopstick("1");
Chopstick c2 = new Chopstick("2");
Chopstick c3 = new Chopstick("3");
Chopstick c4 = new Chopstick("4");
Chopstick c5 = new Chopstick("5");
new Philosopher("苏格拉底", c1, c2).start();
new Philosopher("柏拉图", c2, c3).start();
new Philosopher("亚里士多德", c3, c4).start();
new Philosopher("赫拉克利特", c4, c5).start();
new Philosopher("阿基米德", c1, c5).start();
}
}
@Slf4j(topic = "c.Philosopher")
class Philosopher extends Thread {
Chopstick left;
Chopstick right;
public Philosopher(String name, Chopstick left, Chopstick right) {
super(name);
this.left = left;
this.right = right;
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true) {
// 尝试获得左手筷子
synchronized (left) {
// 尝试获得右手筷子
synchronized (right) {
eat();
}
}
}
}
Random random = new Random();
private void eat() {
log.debug("eating...");
Sleeper.sleep(1);
}
}
class Chopstick {
String name;
public Chopstick(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "筷子{" + name + '}';
}
}
2.1.7 活锁
活锁出现在两个线程互相改变对方的结束条件，最后谁也无法结束，例如
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import static cn.itcast.n2.util.Sleeper.sleep;
@Slf4j(topic = "c.TestLiveLock")
public class TestLiveLock {
static volatile int count = 10;
static final Object lock = new Object();
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(() -> {
// 期望减到 0 退出循环
while (count > 0) {
sleep(0.2);
count--;
log.debug("count: {}", count);
}
}, "t1").start();
new Thread(() -> {
// 期望超过 20 退出循环
while (count < 20) {
sleep(0.2);
count++;
log.debug("count: {}", count);
}
}, "t2").start();
}
}
2.1.8 饥饿
很多教程中把饥饿定义为，一个线程由于优先级太低，始终得不到 CPU 调度执行，也不能够结束，饥饿的情况不易演示，讲读写锁时会涉及饥饿问题
下面我讲一下我遇到的一个线程饥饿的例子，先来看看使用顺序加锁的方式解决之前的死锁问题：
顺序加锁的解决方案
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