Huffman树和Huffman编码

Huffman树的创建和Huffman编码。使带权路径最短的树。

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define MAX 1010
using namespace std;
/*
    Huffman树：
        带权路径长度最小的树
        各结点到根的距离与结点的权相乘之和叫带权路径长度。 

    Huffman编码：
        把Huffman树中各结点到左孩子的路径编码为0，到右孩子的路
        编码为1（反过来也可以）。叶节点被编码的值为Huffman编码。
        特点：
            字符用Huffman编码后 占用的二进制位的总期望值最低。 
*/

/*
    操作：
        把数据按权值排序，取最小的两个构建一棵树，树根的值为此两个权值的和，
        然后把这两个结点删除，此树根插入。再排序，重复之前的步骤至全部插入树中。 
*/

//结点结构
typedef class Node
{
    public:
        char character;
        int probability;
        string code;
        Node *left;
        Node *right;
        Node(){ left = right = NULL; code = ""; }
        Node(int t){ probability = t; left = right = NULL; code = ""; }
        Node(Node &t){ this->character = t.character; this->probability = t.probability;
                        this->code = t.code; this->left = t.left; this->right = t.right; code = ""; }
} *Huffman;

/*
    最小堆 
*/
bool cmp(Node e1, Node e2){ return e1.probability > e2.probability; }

Huffman createHuffman(Node *data, int n)
{
    //先建一个堆 
    make_heap(&data[0], &data[n], cmp);
    for(int i = 1; i < n; i++)
    {
        //取出堆顶 
        Node *l = new Node(data[0]);
        pop_heap(&data[0], &data[n - i + 1], cmp);
        //再取出堆顶 
        Node* r = new Node(data[0]);
        pop_heap(&data[0], &data[n - i], cmp);
        //合并为一棵树 
        Node *temp = new Node(l->probability + r->probability);
        temp->left = l;
        temp->right = r;
        //插入合并后的树 
        data[n - i - 1] = *temp;
        push_heap(&data[0], &data[n - i], cmp);
    }
    //返回树根 
    return &data[0];
}

void print_preOrder_recursion(Huffman root)
{
    if(root != NULL)
    {
        if(root->left == NULL && root->right == NULL)
            cout << root->character << "  " << root->probability << "  " << root->code << endl;
        print_preOrder_recursion(root->left);
        print_preOrder_recursion(root->right);
    }
}

/*
    后序遍历时，存储的路径就是编码 
*/ 
void coding(Huffman root)
{
    Huffman arr[MAX];
    vector<char> v;
    int t = 0;          //栈顶。模拟栈 
    Huffman pointer = root, visit = NULL;
    while(pointer != NULL || t != 0)
    {
        while(pointer != NULL) 
        {
            arr[t++] = pointer;
            pointer = pointer->left;
            v.push_back('0');
        }
        pointer = arr[--t];
        v.pop_back();
        if(pointer->right != NULL && pointer->right != visit)
        {
            arr[t++] = pointer;
            pointer = pointer->right;
            v.push_back('1');
        }else{
            for(int i = 0; i < v.size(); i++)
                pointer->code += v[i];
            visit = pointer;
            pointer = NULL;
        }
    }
}
int main()
{
    int n, i;
    cin >> n;
    Node *data = new Node[n];
    for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        data[i].probability = n - i;
        data[i].character = char(97 + i);
    }
    Huffman root = createHuffman(data, n);
    coding(root);
    print_preOrder_recursion(root);
    return 0;
}