NumPy 是 Python 科学计算的基础软件包,
提供多维数组对象,多种派生对象(掩码数组、矩阵等)以及用于快速操作数组的函数及 API,它包括数学、逻辑、数组形状变换、排序、选择、I/O 、离散傅立叶变换、基本线性代数、基本统计运算、随机模拟等等。
70道NumPy测试题~
1. 将 NumPy 导入为 np,并查看版本
问题:将 NumPy 导入为 np,并输出版本号。
1 import numpy as np
2 print(np.__version__)
3 #> 1.13.3
2. 如何创建 1 维数组?
问题:创建数字从 0 到 9 的 1 维数组。
期望输出:#> array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 arr = np.arange(10)
4 print(arr)
3. 如何创建 boolean 数组?
问题:创建所有 True 的 3×3 NumPy 数组。
1 import numpy as np
2
3 ns1 = np.full((3, 3), True, dtype=bool)
4 #> array([[ True, True, True],
5 #> [ True, True, True],
6 #> [ True, True, True]], dtype=bool)
7 print(ns1)
8
9 # Alternate method:
10 ns = np.ones((3,3), dtype=bool)
11 print(ns)
12
4. 如何从 1 维数组中提取满足给定条件的项?
问题:从 arr 中提取所有奇数。
输入: >>arr = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])`
期望输出:>>#> array([1, 3, 5, 7, 9])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 arr = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
4 ns = arr[arr % 2 == 1]
5 print(ns)
5. 如何将 NumPy 数组中满足给定条件的项替换成另一个数值?
问题:将 arr 中的所有奇数替换成 -1。
输入:arr = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
期望输出:#> array([ 0, -1, 2, -1, 4, -1, 6, -1, 8, -1])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 arr = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
4 arr[arr % 2 == 1] = -1
5 print(arr)
6
6. 如何在不影响原始数组的前提下替换满足给定条件的项?
问题:将 arr 中所有奇数替换成 -1,且不改变 arr。
输入:arr = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
期望输出:out
#> array([ 0, -1, 2, -1, 4, -1, 6, -1, 8, -1])
arr
#> array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 arr = np.arange(10)
4 out = np.where(arr % 2 == 1, -1, arr)
5 print(arr)
6 print(out)
7. 如何重塑(reshape)数组?
问题:将 1 维数组转换成 2 维数组(两行)。
输入: np.arange(10)
array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
期望输出:#> array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
#> [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 arr = np.arange(10)
4 arr.reshape(2, -1)
5 print(arr)
8. 如何垂直堆叠两个数组?
问题:垂直堆叠数组 a 和 b。
输入:a = np.arange(10).reshape(2,-1)
b = np.repeat(1, 10).reshape(2,-1)
期望输出:#> array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
#> [5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
#> [1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
#> [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 a = np.arange(10).reshape(2,-1)
4 b = np.repeat(1, 10).reshape(2,-1)
5
6 r1 = np.concatenate([a, b], axis=0) # 方法一
7 r2 = np.vstack([a, b]) # 方法二
8 r3 = np.r_[a, b] # 方法三
9
10 print(r1)
11 print(r2)
12 print(r3)
13
9. 如何水平堆叠两个数组?
问题:水平堆叠数组 a 和 b。
输入:a = np.arange(10).reshape(2,-1)
b = np.repeat(1, 10).reshape(2,-1)
期望输出:#> array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
#> [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 a = np.arange(10).reshape(2,-1)
4 b = np.repeat(1, 10).reshape(2,-1)
5
6 r1 = np.concatenate([a, b], axis=1) # 方法一
7 r2 = np.hstack([a, b]) # 方法二
8 r3 = np.c_[a, b] # 方法三
9 print(r1)
10 print(r2)
11 print(r3)
10. 在不使用硬编码的前提下,如何在 NumPy 中生成自定义序列?
问题:在不使用硬编码的前提下创建以下模式。仅使用 NumPy 函数和以下输入数组 a。
输入:a = np.array([1,2,3])`
期望输出:#> array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 a = np.array([1,2,3])
4 r1 = np.r_[np.repeat(a, 3), np.tile(a, 3)]
5 print(r1)
11. 如何获得两个 Python NumPy 数组中共同的项?
问题:获取数组 a 和 b 中的共同项。
输入:a = np.array([1,2,3,2,3,4,3,4,5,6])
b = np.array([7,2,10,2,7,4,9,4,9,8])
期望输出:array([2, 4])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 a = np.array([1,2,3,2,3,4,3,4,5,6])
4 b = np.array([7,2,10,2,7,4,9,4,9,8])
5 r1 = np.intersect1d(a,b)
6 print(r1)
12. 如何从一个数组中移除与另一个数组重复的项?
问题:从数组 a 中移除出现在数组 b 中的所有项。
输入:a = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
b = np.array([5,6,7,8,9])
期望输出:array([1,2,3,4])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 a = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
4 b = np.array([5,6,7,8,9])
5 r1 = np.setdiff1d(a,b)
6 print(r1)
13. 如何获取两个数组匹配元素的位置?
问题:获取数组 a 和 b 中匹配元素的位置。
输入:a = np.array([1,2,3,2,3,4,3,4,5,6])
b = np.array([7,2,10,2,7,4,9,4,9,8])
期望输出:#> (array([1, 3, 5, 7]),)
1 import numpy as np
2
3 a = np.array([1,2,3,2,3,4,3,4,5,6])
4 b = np.array([7,2,10,2,7,4,9,4,9,8])
5
6 r1 = np.where(a == b)
7 print(r1)
14. 如何从 NumPy 数组中提取给定范围内的所有数字?
问题:从数组 a 中提取 5 和 10 之间的所有项。
输入:a = np.arange(15)
期望输出:(array([ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]),)
1 import numpy as np
2
3 a = np.arange(15)
4
5 index = np.where((a >= 5) & (a <= 10)) # 方法一
6 r1 = a[index]
7
8 index = np.where(np.logical_and(a >= 5, a <= 10)) # 方法二
9 r2 = a[index]
10
11 r3 = a[(a >= 5) & (a <= 10)] # 方法三
12 print(r1)
13 print(r2)
14 print(r3)
15
15. 如何创建一个 Python 函数以对 NumPy 数组执行元素级的操作?
问题:转换函数 maxx,使其从只能对比标量而变为对比两个数组。
输入:
期望输出:a = np.array([5, 7, 9, 8, 6, 4, 5])
b = np.array([6, 3, 4, 8, 9, 7, 1])
pair_max(a, b)
#> array([ 6., 7., 9., 8., 9., 7., 5.])
1 import numpy as np
2
3
4 def maxx(x, y):
5 """Get the maximum of two items"""
6 if x >= y:
7 return x
8 else:
9 return y
10
11
12 pair_max = np.vectorize(maxx, otypes=[float])
13
14 a = np.array([5, 7, 9, 8, 6, 4, 5])
15 b = np.array([6, 3, 4, 8, 9, 7, 1])
16
17 r1 = pair_max(a, b)
18 print(r1)
16. 如何在 2d NumPy 数组中交换两个列?
问题:在数组 arr 中交换列 1 和列 2。
arr = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
arr
1 import numpy as np
2
3 arr = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
4 r1 = arr[:, [1,0,2]]
5 print(r1)
17. 如何在 2d NumPy 数组中交换两个行?
问题:在数组 arr 中交换行 1 和行 2。
arr = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
arr
1 import numpy as np
2
3 arr = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
4 r1 = arr[[1, 0, 2], :]
5 print(r1)
6
18. 如何反转 2D 数组的所有行?
问题:反转 2D 数组 arr 中的所有行。
# Input
arr = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
1 import numpy as np
2
3 arr = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
4 r1 = arr[::-1]
5 print(r1)
19. 如何反转 2D 数组的所有列?
问题:反转 2D 数组 arr 中的所有列。
# Input
arr = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
1 import numpy as np
2
3 arr = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
4 r1 = arr[:, ::-1]
5 print(r1)
20. 如何创建一个包含 5 和 10 之间随机浮点的 2 维数组?
问题:创建一个形态为 5×3 的 2 维数组,包含 5 和 10 之间的随机十进制小数。
1 import numpy as np
2
3 arr = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
4 # Solution Method 1:
5 rand_arr = np.random.randint(low=5, high=10, size=(5,3)) + np.random.random((5,3))
6 print("1",rand_arr)
7
8 # Solution Method 2:
9 rand_arr = np.random.uniform(5,10, size=(5,3))
10 print("2",rand_arr)
21. 如何在 Python NumPy 数组中仅输出小数点后三位的数字?
问题:输出或显示 NumPy 数组 rand_arr 中小数点后三位的数字。
输入:rand_arr = np.random.random((5,3))
1 import numpy as np
2
3 rand_arr = np.random.random((5,3))
4 # Create the random array
5 rand_arr = np.random.random([5,3])
6 # Limit to 3 decimal places
7 np.set_printoptions(precision=3)
8 rand_arr[:4]
9 print(rand_arr)
10
22. 如何通过禁用科学计数法(如 1e10)打印 NumPy 数组?
问题:通过禁用科学计数法(如 1e10)打印 NumPy 数组 rand_arr。
输入# Create the random array
np.random.seed(100)
rand_arr = np.random.random([3,3])/1e3
rand_arr
期望输出:#> array([[ 0.000543, 0.000278, 0.000425],
#> [ 0.000845, 0.000005, 0.000122],
#> [ 0.000671, 0.000826, 0.000137]])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 np.set_printoptions(suppress=False)
4 # Create the random array
5 np.random.seed(100)
6 rand_arr = np.random.random([3,3])/1e3
7
8 print(rand_arr)
23. 如何限制 NumPy 数组输出中项的数目?
问题:将 Python NumPy 数组 a 输出的项的数目限制在最多 6 个元素。
输入:a = np.arange(15)
期望输出:#> array([ 0, 1, 2, ..., 12, 13, 14])
1 mport numpy as np
2
3 np.set_printoptions(threshold=6)
4 a = np.arange(15)
5
6 print(a)
24. 如何在不截断数组的前提下打印出完整的 NumPy 数组?
问题:在不截断数组的前提下打印出完整的 NumPy 数组 a。
输入:np.set_printoptions(threshold=6)
a = np.arange(15)
期望输出:a
#> array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14])
25. 如何向 Python NumPy 导入包含数字和文本的数据集,同时保持文本不变?
问题:导入 iris 数据集,保持文本不变。
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='object')
5 names = ('sepallength', 'sepalwidth', 'petallength', 'petalwidth', 'species')
6
7 r1 = iris[:3] # Print the first 3 rows
8 print(r1)
26. 如何从 1 维元组数组中提取特定的列?
问题:从前一个问题导入的 1 维 iris 中提取文本列 species。
输入:rl = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris_1d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype=None)
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris_1d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype=None)
5 print(iris_1d.shape)
6
7 species = np.array([row[4] for row in iris_1d])
8 r1 = species[:5]
9 print(r1)
10
27. 如何将 1 维元组数组转换成 2 维 NumPy 数组?
问题:忽略 species 文本字段,将 1 维 iris 转换成 2 维数组 iris_2d。
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris_1d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype=None)
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris_1d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype=None)
5
6 iris_2d = np.array([row.tolist()[:4] for row in iris_1d]) #方法一
7 r1 = iris_2d[:4]
8
9 iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='float', usecols=[0,1,2,3]) #方法二
10 r2 = iris_2d[:4]
11 print(r1)
12 print(r2)
28. 如何计算 NumPy 数组的平均值、中位数和标准差?
问题:找出 iris sepallength(第一列)的平均值、中位数和标准差。
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= object )
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='object')
5 sepallength = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='float', usecols=[0])
6
7 mu, med, sd = np.mean(sepallength), np.median(sepallength), np.std(sepallength)
8 print(mu, med, sd)
29. 如何归一化数组,使值的范围在 0 和 1 之间?
问题:创建 iris sepallength 的归一化格式,使其值在 0 到 1 之间。
输入:url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
sepallength = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= float , usecols=[0])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 sepallength = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='float', usecols=[0])
5
6 Smax, Smin = sepallength.max(), sepallength.min()
7 S1 = (sepallength - Smin)/(Smax - Smin)
8 S2 = (sepallength - Smin)/sepallength.ptp() # Thanks, David Ojeda!
9 print(S1)
10 print(S2)
30. 如何计算 softmax 分数?
问题:计算 sepallength 的 softmax 分数。
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
sepallength = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= float , usecols=[0])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='object')
5 sepallength = np.array([float(row[0]) for row in iris])
6
7 def softmax(x):
8 """Compute softmax values for each sets of scores in x.
9 https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34968722/how-to-implement-the-softmax-function-in-python"""
10 e_x = np.exp(x - np.max(x))
11 return e_x / e_x.sum(axis=0)
12
13 r1 = softmax(sepallength)
14 print(r1)
15
16
31. 如何找到 NumPy 数组的百分数?
问题:找出 iris sepallength(第一列)的第 5 个和第 95 个百分数。
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
sepallength = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= float , usecols=[0])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 sepallength = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='float', usecols=[0])
5 r1 = np.percentile(sepallength, q=[5, 95])
6 print(r1)
32. 如何在数组的随机位置插入值?
问题:在 iris_2d 数据集中的 20 个随机位置插入 np.nan 值。
# Input
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= object )
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='object')
5
6 i, j = np.where(iris_2d)
7 np.random.seed(100)
8 iris_2d[np.random.choice((i), 20), np.random.choice((j), 20)] = np.nan
9
10 # Method 2
11 np.random.seed(100)
12 iris_2d[np.random.randint(150, size=20), np.random.randint(4, size=20)] = np.nan
13
14 # Print first 10 rows
15 print(iris_2d[:10])
33. 如何在 NumPy 数组中找出缺失值的位置?
问题:在 iris_2d 的 sepallength(第一列)中找出缺失值的数目和位置。
# Input
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= float )
iris_2d[np.random.randint(150, size=20), np.random.randint(4, size=20)] = np.nan
1 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
2 iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='float', usecols=[0,1,2,3])
3 iris_2d[np.random.randint(150, size=20), np.random.randint(4, size=20)] = np.nan
4
5 print("Number of missing values: \n", np.isnan(iris_2d[:, 0]).sum())
6 print("Position of missing values: \n", np.where(np.isnan(iris_2d[:, 0])))
34. 如何基于两个或以上条件过滤 NumPy 数组?
问题:过滤 iris_2d 中满足 petallength(第三列)> 1.5 和 sepallength(第一列)< 5.0 的行。
# Input
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= float , usecols=[0,1,2,3])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='float', usecols=[0,1,2,3])
5
6 condition = (iris_2d[:, 2] > 1.5) & (iris_2d[:, 0] < 5.0)
7 r1 = iris_2d[condition]
8 print(r1)
35. 如何在 NumPy 数组中删除包含缺失值的行?
问题:选择 iris_2d 中不包含 nan 值的行。
# Input
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= float , usecols=[0,1,2,3])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='float', usecols=[0,1,2,3])
5 iris_2d[np.random.randint(150, size=20), np.random.randint(4, size=20)] = np.nan
6
7 # Method 1:
8 any_nan_in_row = np.array([~np.any(np.isnan(row)) for row in iris_2d])
9 r1 = iris_2d[any_nan_in_row][:5]
10
11 # Method 2: (By Rong)
12 r2 = iris_2d[np.sum(np.isnan(iris_2d), axis = 1) == 0][:5]
13 print(r1)
14 print(r2)
36. 如何找出 NumPy 数组中两列之间的关联性?
问题:找出 iris_2d 中 SepalLength(第一列)和 PetalLength(第三列)之间的关联性。
# Input
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= float , usecols=[0,1,2,3])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='float', usecols=[0,1,2,3])
5
6 r1 = np.corrcoef(iris[:, 0], iris[:, 2])[0, 1]
7 print(r1)
8
37. 如何确定给定数组是否有空值?
问题:确定 iris_2d 是否有缺失值。
# Input
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= float , usecols=[0,1,2,3])
1 import numpy as np
2 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
3 iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='float', usecols=[0,1,2,3])
4
5 r1 = np.isnan(iris_2d).any()
6 print(r1)
38. 如何在 NumPy 数组中将所有缺失值替换成 0?
问题:在 NumPy 数组中将所有 nan 替换成 0。
# Input
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= float , usecols=[0,1,2,3])
iris_2d[np.random.randint(150, size=20), np.random.randint(4, size=20)] = np.nan
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='float', usecols=[0,1,2,3])
5 iris_2d[np.random.randint(150, size=20), np.random.randint(4, size=20)] = np.nan
6 iris_2d[np.isnan(iris_2d)] = 0
7 r1 = iris_2d[:4]
8 print(r1)
39. 如何在 NumPy 数组中找出唯一值的数量?
问题:在 iris 的 species 列中找出唯一值及其数量。
# Input
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= object )
names = ( sepallength , sepalwidth , petallength , petalwidth , species )
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='object')
5 names = ('sepallength', 'sepalwidth', 'petallength', 'petalwidth', 'species')
6 species = np.array([row.tolist()[4] for row in iris])
7 r1 = np.unique(species, return_counts=True)
8 print(r1)
40. 如何将一个数值转换为一个类别(文本)数组?
问题:将 iris_2d 的 petallength(第三列)转换以构建一个文本数组,按如下规则进行转换:
-
Less than 3 –> ‘small’
-
3-5 –> medium
-
>=5 –> large
# Input
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= object )
names = ( sepallength , sepalwidth , petallength , petalwidth , species )
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='object')
5 names = ('sepallength', 'sepalwidth', 'petallength', 'petalwidth', 'species')
6
7 petal_length_bin = np.digitize(iris[:, 2].astype('float'), [0, 3, 5, 10])
8 label_map = {1: 'small', 2: 'medium', 3: 'large', 4: np.nan}
9 petal_length_cat = [label_map[x] for x in petal_length_bin]
10 r = petal_length_cat[:4]
11 print(r)
41. 如何基于 NumPy 数组现有列创建一个新的列?
问题:为 iris_2d 中的 volume 列创建一个新的列,volume 指 (pi x petallength x sepal_length^2)/3。
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= object )
names = ( sepallength , sepalwidth , petallength , petalwidth , species )
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris_2d = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='object')
5
6 sepallength = iris_2d[:, 0].astype('float')
7 petallength = iris_2d[:, 2].astype('float')
8 volume = (np.pi * petallength * (sepallength**2))/3
9 volume = volume[:, np.newaxis]
10 out = np.hstack([iris_2d, volume])
11
12 r1 = out[:4]
13 print(r1)
42. 如何在 NumPy 中执行概率采样?
问题:随机采样 iris 数据集中的 species 列,使得 setose 的数量是 versicolor 和 virginica 数量的两倍。
# Import iris keeping the text column intact
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= object )
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='object')
5
6 species = iris[:, 4]
7 np.random.seed(100)
8 a = np.array(['Iris-setosa', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-virginica'])
9 species_out = np.random.choice(a, 150, p=[0.5, 0.25, 0.25])
10 np.random.seed(100)
11 probs = np.r_[np.linspace(0, 0.500, num=50), np.linspace(0.501, .750, num=50), np.linspace(.751, 1.0, num=50)]
12 index = np.searchsorted(probs, np.random.random(150))
13 species_out = species[index]
14 print(np.unique(species_out, return_counts=True))
15
参考 View Code
43. 如何在多维数组中找到一维的第二最大值?
问题:在 species setosa 的 petallength 列中找到第二最大值。
# Input
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= object )
names = ( sepallength , sepalwidth , petallength , petalwidth , species )
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='object')
5
6 petal_len_setosa = iris[iris[:, 4] == b'Iris-setosa', [2]].astype('float')
7
8 r1 = np.unique(np.sort(petal_len_setosa))[-2]
9 print(r1)
44. 如何用给定列将 2 维数组排序?
问题:基于 sepallength 列将 iris 数据集排序。
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= object )
names = ( sepallength , sepalwidth , petallength , petalwidth , species )
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='object')
5 names = ('sepallength', 'sepalwidth', 'petallength', 'petalwidth', 'species')
6
7 print(iris[iris[:,0].argsort()][:20])
45. 如何在 NumPy 数组中找到最频繁出现的值?
问题:在 iris 数据集中找到 petallength(第三列)中最频繁出现的值。
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= object )
names = ( sepallength , sepalwidth , petallength , petalwidth , species )
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='object')
5 vals, counts = np.unique(iris[:, 2], return_counts=True)
6 print(vals[np.argmax(counts)])
7
参考 View Code
46. 如何找到第一个大于给定值的数的位置?
问题:在 iris 数据集的 petalwidth(第四列)中找到第一个值大于 1.0 的数的位置。
# Input:
url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= object )
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='object')
5
6 r1 = np.argwhere(iris[:, 3].astype(float) > 1.0)[0]
7 print(r1)
参考 View Code
47. 如何将数组中所有大于给定值的数替换为给定的 cutoff 值?
问题:对于数组 a,将所有大于 30 的值替换为 30,将所有小于 10 的值替换为 10。
输入:np.random.seed(100)
np.random.uniform(1,50, 20)
1 import numpy as np
2
3 np.set_printoptions(precision=2)
4 np.random.seed(100)
5 a = np.random.uniform(1,50, 20)
6
7 np.clip(a, a_min=10, a_max=30)
8
9 print(np.where(a < 10, 10, np.where(a > 30, 30, a)))
48. 如何在 NumPy 数组中找到 top-n 数值的位置?
问题:在给定数组 a 中找到 top-5 最大值的位置。
np.random.seed(100)
a = np.random.uniform(1,50, 20)
1 import numpy as np
2
3 np.random.seed(100)
4 a = np.random.uniform(1,50, 20)
5
6 # Solution:
7 print(a.argsort()) #> [18 7 3 10 15]
8 # Solution 2:
9 print(np.argpartition(-a, 5)[:5]) #> [15 10 3 7 18]
10
11 r1 = a[a.argsort()][-5:] # Method 1:
12 print(r1)
13
14 r2 = np.sort(a)[-5:] # Method 2:
15 print(r2)
16
17 r3 = np.partition(a, kth=-5)[-5:] # Method 3:
18 print(r3)
19
20 r4 = a[np.argpartition(-a, 5)][:5] # Method 4:
21 print(r4)
49. 如何逐行计算数组中所有值的数量?
问题:逐行计算唯一值的数量。
输入:np.random.seed(100)
arr = np.random.randint(1,11,size=(6, 10))
arr
> array([[ 9, 9, 4, 8, 8, 1, 5, 3, 6, 3],
> [ 3, 3, 2, 1, 9, 5, 1, 10, 7, 3],
> [ 5, 2, 6, 4, 5, 5, 4, 8, 2, 2],
> [ 8, 8, 1, 3, 10, 10, 4, 3, 6, 9],
> [ 2, 1, 8, 7, 3, 1, 9, 3, 6, 2],
> [ 9, 2, 6, 5, 3, 9, 4, 6, 1, 10]])
期望输出:> [[1, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 2, 2, 0],
> [2, 1, 3, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1],
> [0, 3, 0, 2, 3, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0],
> [1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0, 2, 1, 2],
> [2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
> [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 0, 0, 2, 1]]
输出包含 10 个列,表示从 1 到 10 的数字。这些数值分别代表每一行的计数数量。例如,Cell(0,2) 中有值 2,这意味着,数字 3 在第一行出现了两次。
1 import numpy as np
2
3 np.random.seed(100)
4 arr = np.random.randint(1,11,size=(6, 10))
5 print(arr)
50. 如何将 array_of_arrays 转换为平面 1 维数组?
问题:将 array_of_arrays 转换为平面线性 1 维数组。
# Input:
arr1 = np.arange(3)
arr2 = np.arange(3,7)
arr3 = np.arange(7,10)
array_of_arrays = np.array([arr1, arr2, arr3])
array_of_arrays#> array([array([0, 1, 2]), array([3, 4, 5, 6]), array([7, 8, 9])], dtype=object)
期望输出:#> array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 arr1 = np.arange(3)
4 arr2 = np.arange(3,7)
5 arr3 = np.arange(7,10)
6
7 array_of_arrays = np.array([arr1, arr2, arr3])
8 print('array_of_arrays: ', array_of_arrays)
9
10 arr_2d = np.array([a for arr in array_of_arrays for a in arr])
11
12 arr_2d = np.concatenate(array_of_arrays)
13 print(arr_2d)
51. 如何为 NumPy 数组生成>
问题:计算>
输入:np.random.seed(101)
arr = np.random.randint(1,4, size=6)
arr
#> array([2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1])
输出:> array([[ 0., 1., 0.],
#> [ 0., 0., 1.],
#> [ 0., 1., 0.],
#> [ 0., 1., 0.],
#> [ 0., 1., 0.],
#> [ 1., 0., 0.]])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 np.random.seed(101)
4 arr = np.random.randint(1,4, size=6)
5 print(arr)
6 #> array([2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1])
7
8 def one_hot_encodings(arr):
9 uniqs = np.unique(arr)
10 out = np.zeros((arr.shape[0], uniqs.shape[0]))
11 for i, k in enumerate(arr):
12 out[i, k-1] = 1
13 return out
14
15 r1 = one_hot_encodings(arr)
16 print("r1",r1)
17 r2 = (arr[:, None] == np.unique(arr)).view(np.int8)
18 print("r2",r2)
52. 如何创建由类别变量分组确定的一维数值?
问题:创建由类别变量分组的行数。使用以下来自 iris species 的样本作为输入。
输入:url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
species = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= str , usecols=4)
species_small = np.sort(np.random.choice(species, size=20))
species_small
#> array([ Iris-setosa , Iris-setosa , Iris-setosa , Iris-setosa ,
#> Iris-setosa , Iris-setosa , Iris-versicolor , Iris-versicolor ,
#> Iris-versicolor , Iris-versicolor , Iris-versicolor ,
#> Iris-versicolor , Iris-virginica , Iris-virginica ,
#> Iris-virginica , Iris-virginica , Iris-virginica ,
#> Iris-virginica , Iris-virginica , Iris-virginica ],
#> dtype= <U15 )
期望输出:#> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 species = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='str', usecols=4)
5 np.random.seed(100)
6 species_small = np.sort(np.random.choice(species, size=20))
7 print(species_small)
8 print([i for val in np.unique(species_small) for i, grp in enumerate(species_small[species_small==val])])
53. 如何基于给定的类别变量创建分组 id?
问题:基于给定的类别变量创建分组 id。使用以下来自 iris species 的样本作为输入。
输入:url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
species = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= str , usecols=4)
species_small = np.sort(np.random.choice(species, size=20))
species_small
#> array([ Iris-setosa , Iris-setosa , Iris-setosa , Iris-setosa ,
#> Iris-setosa , Iris-setosa , Iris-versicolor , Iris-versicolor ,
#> Iris-versicolor , Iris-versicolor , Iris-versicolor ,
#> Iris-versicolor , Iris-virginica , Iris-virginica ,
#> Iris-virginica , Iris-virginica , Iris-virginica ,
#> Iris-virginica , Iris-virginica , Iris-virginica ],
#> dtype= <U15 )
期望输出:#> [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 species = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='str', usecols=4)
5 np.random.seed(100)
6 species_small = np.sort(np.random.choice(species, size=20))
7 print(species_small)
8
9 output = [np.argwhere(np.unique(species_small) == s).tolist()[0][0] for val in np.unique(species_small) for s in species_small[species_small==val]]
10
11 # Solution: For Loop version
12 output = []
13 uniqs = np.unique(species_small)
14
15 for val in uniqs: # uniq values in group
16 for s in species_small[species_small==val]: # each element in group
17 groupid = np.argwhere(uniqs == s).tolist()[0][0] # groupid
18 output.append(groupid)
19
20 print(output)
54. 如何使用 NumPy 对数组中的项进行排序?
问题:为给定的数值数组 a 创建排序。
输入:np.random.seed(10)
a = np.random.randint(20, size=10)print(a)#> [ 9 4 15 0 17 16 17 8 9 0]
期望输出:[4 2 6 0 8 7 9 3 5 1]
1 import numpy as np
2
3 np.random.seed(10)
4 a = np.random.randint(20, size=10)
5 print('Array: ', a)
6
7 print(a.argsort().argsort())
8 print('Array: ', a)
55. 如何使用 NumPy 对多维数组中的项进行排序?
问题:给出一个数值数组 a,创建一个形态相同的排序数组。
输入:np.random.seed(10)
a = np.random.randint(20, size=[2,5])print(a)#> [[ 9 4 15 0 17]#> [16 17 8 9 0]]
期望输出:#> [[4 2 6 0 8]
#> [7 9 3 5 1]]
1 import numpy as np
2
3 np.random.seed(10)
4 a = np.random.randint(20, size=[2,5])
5 print(a)
6
7 print(a.ravel().argsort().argsort().reshape(a.shape))
56. 如何在 2 维 NumPy 数组中找到每一行的最大值?
问题:在给定数组中找到每一行的最大值。
np.random.seed(100)
a = np.random.randint(1,10, [5,3])
a
#> array([[9, 9, 4],
#> [8, 8, 1],
#> [5, 3, 6],
#> [3, 3, 3],
#> [2, 1, 9]])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 np.random.seed(100)
4 a = np.random.randint(1,10, [5,3])
5 print("a=",a)
6
7 r1 = np.amax(a, axis=1)
8 print("r1=",r1)
9 r2 = np.apply_along_axis(np.max, arr=a, axis=1)
10 print("r2",r2)
11
57. 如何计算 2 维 NumPy 数组每一行的 min-by-max?
问题:给定一个 2 维 NumPy 数组,计算每一行的 min-by-max。
np.random.seed(100)
a = np.random.randint(1,10, [5,3])
a
#> array([[9, 9, 4],
#> [8, 8, 1],
#> [5, 3, 6],
#> [3, 3, 3],
#> [2, 1, 9]])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 np.random.seed(100)
4 a = np.random.randint(1,10, [5,3])
5 print("a=",a)
6
7
8 r1 = np.apply_along_axis(lambda x: np.min(x)/np.max(x), arr=a, axis=1)
9 print("r1",r1)
10
58. 如何在 NumPy 数组中找到重复条目?
问题:在给定的 NumPy 数组中找到重复条目(从第二次出现开始),并将其标记为 True。第一次出现的条目需要标记为 False。
# Input
np.random.seed(100)
a = np.random.randint(0, 5, 10)
print( Array: , a)
#> Array: [0 0 3 0 2 4 2 2 2 2]
期望输出:#> [False True False True False False True True True True]
1 import numpy as np
2
3 np.random.seed(100)
4 a = np.random.randint(0, 5, 10)
5 out = np.full(a.shape[0], True)
6 unique_positions = np.unique(a, return_index=True)[1]
7 out[unique_positions] = False
8
9 print(out)
59. 如何找到 NumPy 的分组平均值?
问题:在 2 维 NumPy 数组的类别列中找到数值的平均值。
输入url = https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data
iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter= , , dtype= object )
names = ( sepallength , sepalwidth , petallength , petalwidth , species )
期望解:#> [[b Iris-setosa , 3.418],
#> [b Iris-versicolor , 2.770],
#> [b Iris-virginica , 2.974]]
1 import numpy as np
2
3 url = 'https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/iris/iris.data'
4 iris = np.genfromtxt(url, delimiter=',', dtype='object')
5 names = ('sepallength', 'sepalwidth', 'petallength', 'petalwidth', 'species')
6
7 numeric_column = iris[:, 1].astype('float') # sepalwidth
8 grouping_column = iris[:, 4] # species
9
10
11 [[group_val, numeric_column[grouping_column==group_val].mean()] for group_val in np.unique(grouping_column)]
12
13 output = []
14 for group_val in np.unique(grouping_column):
15 output.append([group_val, numeric_column[grouping_column==group_val].mean()])
16
17 r1 = output
18 print(r1)
60. 如何将 PIL 图像转换成 NumPy 数组?
问题:从以下 URL 中导入图像,并将其转换成 NumPy 数组。
URL = https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Denali_Mt_McKinley.jpg
1 import numpy as np
2 from io import BytesIO
3 from PIL import Image
4 import PIL, requests
5
6 # Import image from URL
7 URL = 'https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Denali_Mt_McKinley.jpg'
8 response = requests.get(URL)
9
10 I = Image.open(BytesIO(response.content)) # Read it as Image
11 I = I.resize([150,150]) # Optionally resize
12 arr = np.asarray(I) # Convert to numpy array
13
14 # Optionaly Convert it back to an image and show
15 im = PIL.Image.fromarray(np.uint8(arr))
16 r1 = Image.Image.show(im)
17 print(r1)
18
61. 如何删除 NumPy 数组中所有的缺失值?
问题:从 1 维 NumPy 数组中删除所有的 nan 值。
输入:np.array([1,2,3,np.nan,5,6,7,np.nan])
期望输出:array([ 1., 2., 3., 5., 6., 7.])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 a = np.array([1, 2, 3, np.nan, 5, 6, 7, np.nan])
4 r1 = a[~np.isnan(a)]
5 print(r1)
6
62. 如何计算两个数组之间的欧几里得距离?
问题:计算两个数组 a 和 b 之间的欧几里得距离。
输入:a = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
b = np.array([4,5,6,7,8])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 a = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
4 b = np.array([4,5,6,7,8])
5 dist = np.linalg.norm(a-b)
6 print(dist)
63. 如何在一个 1 维数组中找到所有的局部极大值(peak)?
问题:在 1 维数组 a 中找到所有的 peak,peak 指一个数字比两侧的数字都大。
输入:a = np.array([1, 3, 7, 1, 2, 6, 0, 1])
期望输出:#> array([2, 5])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 a = np.array([1, 3, 7, 1, 2, 6, 0, 1])
4 doublediff = np.diff(np.sign(np.diff(a)))
5 peak_locations = np.where(doublediff == -2)[0] + 1
6 print(peak_locations)
64. 如何从 2 维数组中减去 1 维数组,从 2 维数组的每一行分别减去 1 维数组的每一项?
问题:从 2 维数组 a_2d 中减去 1 维数组 b_1d,即从 a_2d 的每一行分别减去 b_1d 的每一项。
输入:a_2d = np.array([[3,3,3],[4,4,4],[5,5,5]])
b_1d = np.array([1,1,1]
期望输出:#> [[2 2 2]
#> [2 2 2]
#> [2 2 2]]
1 import numpy as np
2
3 a_2d = np.array([[3,3,3],[4,4,4],[5,5,5]])
4 b_1d = np.array([1,2,3])
5
6 print(a_2d - b_1d[:,None])
65. 如何在数组中找出某个项的第 n 个重复索引?
问题:找到数组 x 中数字 1 的第 5 个重复索引。
x = np.array([1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 4, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2])
1 import numpy as np
2
3 x = np.array([1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 4, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2])
4 n = 5
5
6 [i for i, v in enumerate(x) if v == 1][n-1]
7 r1 = np.where(x == 1)[0][n-1]
8 print(r1)
66. 如何将 NumPy 的 datetime64 对象(object)转换为 datetime 的 datetime 对象?
问题:将 NumPy 的 datetime64 对象(object)转换为 datetime 的 datetime 对象。
Input: a numpy datetime64 object
dt64 = np.datetime64( 2018-02-25 22:10:10 )
1 import numpy as np
2
3 dt64 = np.datetime64('2018-02-25 22:10:10')
4
5 from datetime import datetime
6 r1 = dt64.tolist()
7 print(r1)
8
9 r2 = dt64.astype(datetime)
10 print(r2)
67. 如何计算 NumPy 数组的移动平均数?
问题:给定 1 维数组,计算 window size 为 3 的移动平均数。
输入:np.random.seed(100)
Z = np.random.randint(10, size=10)
1 import numpy as np
2
3 def moving_average(a, n=3):
4 ret = np.cumsum(a, dtype=float)
5 ret[n:] = ret[n:] - ret[:-n]
6 return ret[n - 1:] / n
7
8 np.random.seed(100)
9 Z = np.random.randint(10, size=10)
10 print('array: ', Z)
11
12 r1 = moving_average(Z, n=3).round(2)
13 print("r1=", r1)
14
15 r2 = np.convolve(Z, np.ones(3) / 3, mode='valid')
16 print("r2=", r2)
17
68. 给定起始数字、length 和步长,如何创建一个 NumPy 数组序列?
问题:从 5 开始,创建一个 length 为 10 的 NumPy 数组,相邻数字的差是 3。
1 import numpy as np
2
3 length = 10
4 start = 5
5 step = 3
6
7 def seq(start, length, step):
8 end = start + (step*length)
9 return np.arange(start, end, step)
10
11 r1 = seq(start, length, step)
12 print(r1)
69. 如何在不规则 NumPy 日期序列中填充缺失日期?
问题:给定一个非连续日期序列的数组,通过填充缺失的日期,使其变成连续的日期序列。
输入:# Input
dates = np.arange(np.datetime64( 2018-02-01 ), np.datetime64( 2018-02-25 ), 2)
print(dates)
#> [ 2018-02-01 2018-02-03 2018-02-05 2018-02-07 2018-02-09
#> 2018-02-11 2018-02-13 2018-02-15 2018-02-17 2018-02-19
#> 2018-02-21 2018-02-23 ]
1 import numpy as np
2
3 dates = np.arange(np.datetime64('2018-02-01'), np.datetime64('2018-02-25'), 2)
4 print("dates=", dates)
5
6 filled_in = np.array([np.arange(date, (date+d)) for date, d in zip(dates, np.diff(dates))]).reshape(-1)
7
8 output = np.hstack([filled_in, dates[-1]]) # add the last day
9 print("output=", output)
10
11 out = []
12 for date, d in zip(dates, np.diff(dates)):
13 out.append(np.arange(date, (date+d)))
14
15 filled_in = np.array(out).reshape(-1)
16 output = np.hstack([filled_in, dates[-1]]) # add the last day
17 print("output", output)
18
19
70. 如何基于给定的 1 维数组创建 strides?
问题:给定 1 维数组 arr,使用 strides 生成一个 2 维矩阵,其中 window length 等于 4,strides 等于 2,例如 [[0,1,2,3], [2,3,4,5], [4,5,6,7]..]。
输入:arr = np.arange(15)
arr
#> array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14])
期望输出:#> [[ 0 1 2 3]
#> [ 2 3 4 5]
#> [ 4 5 6 7]
#> [ 6 7 8 9]
#> [ 8 9 10 11]
#> [10 11 12 13]]
1 import numpy as np
2
3
4 def gen_strides(a, stride_len=5, window_len=5):
5 n_strides = ((a.size - window_len) // stride_len) + 1
6 return np.array([a[s:(s + window_len)] for s in np.arange(0, n_strides * stride_len, stride_len)])
7
8 print(gen_strides(np.arange(15), stride_len=2, window_len=4))