深入探讨神经网络:从BP、RBF到NN-PID的C++实现
一、引言
神经网络作为一种强大的机器学习方法,已经在模式识别、分类、预测等领域得到了广泛应用。本文将详细介绍几种常见的神经网络,包括BP神经网络、RBF神经网络以及神经网络PID(NN-PID)控制器,并通过C++代码示例展示其实现过程。希望通过本文的讲解,读者能够深入理解神经网络的原理和应用。
二、BP神经网络
2.1 BP神经网络原理
BP(Back Propagation,反向传播)神经网络是最常见的前馈神经网络之一。它通过误差反向传播算法来调整网络的权重和偏置,从而最小化预测误差。BP神经网络的基本结构包括输入层、隐藏层和输出层,每层节点通过权重连接。
2.2 BP神经网络的C++实现
以下是BP神经网络的C++实现,包括网络初始化、前向传播、反向传播和训练等功能:
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <ctime>
class BPNetwork {
public:
BPNetwork(int inputSize, int hiddenSize, int outputSize)
: inputSize(inputSize), hiddenSize(hiddenSize), outputSize(outputSize) {
initializeWeights();
}
std::vector<double> forward(const std::vector<double>& input) {
// 输入层到隐藏层
hiddenLayer.resize(hiddenSize);
for (int i = 0; i < hiddenSize; ++i) {
hiddenLayer[i] = 0.0;
for (int j = 0; j < inputSize; ++j) {
hiddenLayer[i] += input[j] * inputToHiddenWeights[i][j];
}
hiddenLayer[i] += hiddenBias[i];
hiddenLayer[i] = sigmoid(hiddenLayer[i]);
}
// 隐藏层到输出层
outputLayer.resize(outputSize);
for (int i = 0; i < outputSize; ++i) {
outputLayer[i] = 0.0;
for (int j = 0; j < hiddenSize; ++j) {
outputLayer[i] += hiddenLayer[j] * hiddenToOutputWeights[i][j];
}
outputLayer[i] += outputBias[i];
outputLayer[i] = sigmoid(outputLayer[i]);
}
return outputLayer;
}
void backward(const std::vector<double>& input, const std::vector<double>& target, double learningRate) {
// 计算输出层误差
std::vector<double> outputError(outputSize);
for (int i = 0; i < outputSize; ++i) {
outputError[i] = (outputLayer[i] - target[i]) * sigmoidDerivative(outputLayer[i]);
}
// 计算隐藏层误差
std::vector<double> hiddenError(hiddenSize);
for (int i = 0; i < hiddenSize; ++i) {
hiddenError[i] = 0.0;
for (int j = 0; j < outputSize; ++j) {
hiddenError[i] += outputError[j] * hiddenToOutputWeights[j][i];
}
hiddenError[i] *= sigmoidDerivative(hiddenLayer[i]);
}
// 更新隐藏层到输出层的权重和偏置
for (int i = 0; i < outputSize; ++i) {
for (int j = 0; j < hiddenSize; ++j) {
hiddenToOutputWeights[i][j] -= learningRate * outputError[i] * hiddenLayer[j];
}
outputBias[i] -= learningRate * outputError[i];
}
// 更新输入层到隐藏层的权重和偏置
for (int i = 0; i < hiddenSize; ++i) {
for (int j = 0; j < inputSize; ++j) {
inputToHiddenWeights[i][j] -= learningRate * hiddenError[i] * input[j];
}
hiddenBias[i] -= learningRate * hiddenError[i];
}
}
void train(const std::vector<std::vector<double>>& inputs, const std::vector<std::vector<double>>& targets, double learningRate, int epochs) {
for (int epoch = 0; epoch < epochs; ++epoch) {
double totalError = 0.0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < inputs.si