数据结构 6 之集合和映射

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最新推荐文章于 2023-12-15 08:37:08 发布

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分类专栏： DataStructure 文章标签：数据结构 6 之集合和映射

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数据结构 6 之集合和映射

1 集合基础和基于二分搜索树的集合实现
2 基于链表的集合实现
- 2.1 链表set类
- 2.2 链表类
3 集合类的复杂度分析
4 Leetcode中集合问题和更多集合相关问题
5 映射基础
6 基于链表的映射实现
7 基于二分搜索树的映射实现
8 映射的复杂度分析和更多映射相关问题
9 Leetcode上更多关于集合和映射的问题

1 集合基础和基于二分搜索树的集合实现

1.1 Set接口

public interface Set<E> {

    void add(E e);
    boolean contains(E e);
    void remove(E e);
    int getSize();
    boolean isEmpty();
}

1.2 基于二分搜索树的Set接口

public class BSTSet<E extends Comparable<E>> implements Set<E> {

    private BST<E> bst;

    public BSTSet(){
        bst = new BST<>();
    }

    @Override
    public int getSize(){
        return bst.size();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty(){
        return bst.isEmpty();
    }

    @Override
    public void add(E e){
        bst.add(e);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean contains(E e){
        return bst.contains(e);
    }

    @Override
    public void remove(E e){
        bst.remove(e);
    }
}

1.3 二分搜索树

见数据结构之二分搜索树

1.4 文件操作类

// 文件相关操作
public class FileOperation {

    // 读取文件名称为filename中的内容，并将其中包含的所有词语放进words中
    public static boolean readFile(String filename, ArrayList<String> words){

        if (filename == null || words == null){
            System.out.println("filename is null or words is null");
            return false;
        }

        // 文件读取
        Scanner scanner;

        try {
            File file = new File(filename);
            if(file.exists()){
                FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
                scanner = new Scanner(new BufferedInputStream(fis), "UTF-8");
                scanner.useLocale(Locale.ENGLISH);
            }
            else
                return false;
        } catch(IOException ioe){
            System.out.println("Cannot open " + filename);
            return false;
        }

        // 简单分词
        // 这个分词方式相对简陋, 没有考虑很多文本处理中的特殊问题
        // 在这里只做demo展示用
        if (scanner.hasNextLine()) {

            String contents = scanner.useDelimiter("\\A").next();

            int start = firstCharacterIndex(contents, 0);
            for (int i = start + 1; i <= contents.length(); )
                if (i == contents.length() || !Character.isLetter(contents.charAt(i))) {
                    String word = contents.substring(start, i).toLowerCase();
                    words.add(word);
                    start = firstCharacterIndex(contents, i);
                    i = start + 1;
                } else
                    i++;
        }

        return true;
    }

    // 寻找字符串s中，从start的位置开始的第一个字母字符的位置
    private static int firstCharacterIndex(String s, int start){

        for( int i = start ; i < s.length() ; i ++ )
            if( Character.isLetter(s.charAt(i)) )
                return i;
        return s.length();
    }
}

1.5 在项目目录下拷贝两本英文小说

在这里插入图片描述

1.6 测试类

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        System.out.println("Pride and Prejudice");

        ArrayList<String> words1 = new ArrayList<>();
        if(FileOperation.readFile("pride-and-prejudice.txt", words1)) {
            System.out.println("Total words: " + words1.size());

            BSTSet<String> set1 = new BSTSet<>();
            for (String word : words1)
                set1.add(word);
            System.out.println("Total different words: " + set1.getSize());
        }

        System.out.println();


        System.out.println("A Tale of Two Cities");

        ArrayList<String> words2 = new ArrayList<>();
        if(FileOperation.readFile("a-tale-of-two-cities.txt", words2)){
            System.out.println("Total words: " + words2.size());

            BSTSet<String> set2 = new BSTSet<>();
            for(String word: words2)
                set2.add(word);
            System.out.println("Total different words: " + set2.getSize());
        }
    }
}

Pride and Prejudice
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530

A Tale of Two Cities
Total words: 141489
Total different words: 9944

Process finished with exit code 0

2 基于链表的集合实现

2.1 链表set类

public class LinkedListSet<E> implements Set<E> {

    private LinkedList<E> list;

    public LinkedListSet(){
        list = new LinkedList<>();
    }

    @Override
    public int getSize(){
        return list.getSize();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty(){
        return list.isEmpty();
    }

	//注意不能添加重复元素
    @Override
    public void add(E e){
        if(!list.contains(e))
            list.addFirst(e);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean contains(E e){
        return list.contains(e);
    }

    @Override
    public void remove(E e){
        list.removeElement(e);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        System.out.println("Pride and Prejudice");

        ArrayList<String> words1 = new ArrayList<>();
        if(FileOperation.readFile("pride-and-prejudice.txt", words1)) {
            System.out.println("Total words: " + words1.size());

            LinkedListSet<String> set1 = new LinkedListSet<>();
            for (String word : words1)
                set1.add(word);
            System.out.println("Total different words: " + set1.getSize());
        }

        System.out.println();


        System.out.println("A Tale of Two Cities");

        ArrayList<String> words2 = new ArrayList<>();
        if(FileOperation.readFile("a-tale-of-two-cities.txt", words2)){
            System.out.println("Total words: " + words2.size());

            LinkedListSet<String> set2 = new LinkedListSet<>();
            for(String word: words2)
                set2.add(word);
            System.out.println("Total different words: " + set2.getSize());
        }
    }
}

Pride and Prejudice
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530

A Tale of Two Cities
Total words: 141489
Total different words: 9944

Process finished with exit code 0

2.2 链表类

见数据结构之链表类

3 集合类的复杂度分析

性能分析

public class Main {

    private static double testSet(Set<String> set, String filename){

        long startTime = System.nanoTime();

        System.out.println(filename);
        ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
        if(FileOperation.readFile(filename, words)) {
            System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());

            for (String word : words)
                set.add(word);
            System.out.println("Total different words: " + set.getSize());
        }
        long endTime = System.nanoTime();

        return (endTime - startTime) / 1000000000.0;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        String filename = "pride-and-prejudice.txt";

        BSTSet<String> bstSet = new BSTSet<>();
        double time1 = testSet(bstSet, filename);
        System.out.println("BST Set: " + time1 + " s");

        System.out.println();

        LinkedListSet<String> linkedListSet = new LinkedListSet<>();
        double time2 = testSet(linkedListSet, filename);
        System.out.println("Linked List Set: " + time2 + " s");

    }
}

pride-and-prejudice.txt
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
BST Set: 0.3533343 s

pride-and-prejudice.txt
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
Linked List Set: 3.1152668 s

Process finished with exit code 0

–	LinkedListSet	BSTSET
增	O(n) ,先查是否重复	O(h),每次查找都会折半，h是二分树的深度
查	O(n) ,先查是否重复	O(h),每次查找都会折半，h是二分树的深度
删	O(n) ,先找到删除的前一个节点	O(h),每次查找都会折半，h是二分树的深度

深度如何计算:
在这里插入图片描述

如果一个数据用log(n) 复杂度的算法需要一天能得到计算结果，那么试用O(n)的算法需要137年

上述是以满二叉树进行分析，还有一种极端情况：当数据以顺序进来的时候，二分搜索树会退化为链表

4 Leetcode中集合问题和更多集合相关问题

1、国际摩尔斯密码定义一种标准编码方式，将每个字母对应于一个由一系列点和短线组成的字符串，比如: “a” 对应 “.-”, “b” 对应 “-…”, “c” 对应 “-.-.”, 等等。

为了方便，所有26个英文字母对应摩尔斯密码表如下：

[".-","-…","-.-.","-…",".","…-.","–.","…","…",".—","-.-",".-…","–","-.","—",".–.","–.-",".-.","…","-","…-","…-",".–","-…-","-.–","–…"]
给定一个单词列表，每个单词可以写成每个字母对应摩尔斯密码的组合。例如，“cab” 可以写成 “-.-…–…”，(即 “-.-.” + “-…” + ".-"字符串的结合)。我们将这样一个连接过程称作单词翻译。

返回我们可以获得所有词不同单词翻译的数量。

例如:
输入: words = [“gin”, “zen”, “gig”, “msg”]
输出: 2
解释:
各单词翻译如下:
“gin” -> “–…-.”
“zen” -> “–…-.”
“gig” -> “–…--.”
“msg” -> “–…--.”

共有 2 种不同翻译, “–…-.” 和 “–…--.”.

来源：力扣（LeetCode）
链接：https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/unique-morse-code-words


public class Solution {

    public int uniqueMorseRepresentations(String[] words) {

        String[] codes = {".-","-...","-.-.","-..",".","..-.","--.","....","..",".---","-.-",".-..","--","-.","---",".--.","--.-",".-.","...","-","..-","...-",".--","-..-","-.--","--.."};
        //这里的TreeSet是Java封装的，比我们之前写的BSTSet更强大，是基于红黑树（平衡二叉树）实现的，所以不会出现树退化为链表的情况
        TreeSet<String> set = new TreeSet<>();
        for(String word: words){
            StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
            for(int i = 0 ; i < word.length() ; i ++)
                //计算每个单词的莫斯码
                res.append(codes[word.charAt(i) - 'a']);

            set.add(res.toString());
        }

        return set.size();
    }
}

2、有序集合和无序集合
有序集合中的元素具有顺序性，无论是之前实现的二分搜索树，还是Java封装的TreeSet都是有序集合，即我们可以轻易按照从小到大进行排序。或者查看一个元素的上一个元素或下一个元素是谁。最大的元素和最小的元素

无序集合中的元素没有顺序性，使用链表实现的集合是一种无序的集合，元素插入的顺序决定了存储的顺序，不能从小到大进行排序。或者查看一个元素的上一个元素或下一个元素是谁。最大的元素和最小的元素

3、多重集合
允许元素可以重复

5 映射基础

在这里插入图片描述

public interface Map<K, V> {

    void add(K key, V value);
    V remove(K key);
    boolean contains(K key);
    V get(K key);
    void set(K key, V newValue);
    int getSize();
    boolean isEmpty();
}

6 基于链表的映射实现

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class LinkedListMap<K, V> implements Map<K, V> {

    private class Node{
        public K key;
        public V value;
        public Node next;

        public Node(K key, V value, Node next){
            this.key = key;
            this.value = value;
            this.next = next;
        }

        public Node(K key, V value){
            this(key, value, null);
        }

        public Node(){
            this(null, null, null);
        }

        @Override
        public String toString(){
            return key.toString() + " : " + value.toString();
        }
    }

    private Node dummyHead;
    private int size;

    public LinkedListMap(){
        dummyHead = new Node();
        size = 0;
    }

    @Override
    public int getSize(){
        return size;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty(){
        return size == 0;
    }

    private Node getNode(K key){
        Node cur = dummyHead.next;
        while(cur != null){
            if(cur.key.equals(key))
                return cur;
            cur = cur.next;
        }
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean contains(K key){
        return getNode(key) != null;
    }

    @Override
    public V get(K key){
        Node node = getNode(key);
        return node == null ? null : node.value;
    }

    @Override
    public void add(K key, V value){
        Node node = getNode(key);
        if(node == null){
            dummyHead.next = new Node(key, value, dummyHead.next);
            size ++;
        }
        else
            node.value = value;
    }

    @Override
    public void set(K key, V newValue){
        Node node = getNode(key);
        if(node == null)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(key + " doesn't exist!");

        node.value = newValue;
    }

    @Override
    public V remove(K key){

        Node prev = dummyHead;
        while(prev.next != null){
            if(prev.next.key.equals(key))
                break;
            prev = prev.next;
        }

        if(prev.next != null){
            Node delNode = prev.next;
            prev.next = delNode.next;
            delNode.next = null;
            size --;
            return delNode.value;
        }

        return null;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args){

        System.out.println("Pride and Prejudice");

        ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
        if(FileOperation.readFile("pride-and-prejudice.txt", words)) {
            System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());

            LinkedListMap<String, Integer> map = new LinkedListMap<>();
            for (String word : words) {
                if (map.contains(word))
                    map.set(word, map.get(word) + 1);
                else
                    map.add(word, 1);
            }

            System.out.println("Total different words: " + map.getSize());
            System.out.println("Frequency of PRIDE: " + map.get("pride"));
            System.out.println("Frequency of PREJUDICE: " + map.get("prejudice"));
        }

        System.out.println();
    }
}

Pride and Prejudice
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
Frequency of PRIDE: 53
Frequency of PREJUDICE: 11


Process finished with exit code 0

7 基于二分搜索树的映射实现

public class BSTMap<K extends Comparable<K>, V> implements Map<K, V> {

    private class Node{
        public K key;
        public V value;
        public Node left, right;

        public Node(K key, V value){
            this.key = key;
            this.value = value;
            left = null;
            right = null;
        }
    }

    private Node root;
    private int size;

    public BSTMap(){
        root = null;
        size = 0;
    }

    @Override
    public int getSize(){
        return size;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty(){
        return size == 0;
    }

    // 向二分搜索树中添加新的元素(key, value)
    @Override
    public void add(K key, V value){
        root = add(root, key, value);
    }

    // 向以node为根的二分搜索树中插入元素(key, value)，递归算法
    // 返回插入新节点后二分搜索树的根
    private Node add(Node node, K key, V value){

        if(node == null){
            size ++;
            return new Node(key, value);
        }

        if(key.compareTo(node.key) < 0)
            node.left = add(node.left, key, value);
        else if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0)
            node.right = add(node.right, key, value);
        else // key.compareTo(node.key) == 0
            node.value = value;

        return node;
    }

    // 返回以node为根节点的二分搜索树中，key所在的节点
    private Node getNode(Node node, K key){

        if(node == null)
            return null;

        if(key.equals(node.key))
            return node;
        else if(key.compareTo(node.key) < 0)
            return getNode(node.left, key);
        else // if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0)
            return getNode(node.right, key);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean contains(K key){
        return getNode(root, key) != null;
    }

    @Override
    public V get(K key){

        Node node = getNode(root, key);
        return node == null ? null : node.value;
    }

    @Override
    public void set(K key, V newValue){
        Node node = getNode(root, key);
        if(node == null)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(key + " doesn't exist!");

        node.value = newValue;
    }

    // 返回以node为根的二分搜索树的最小值所在的节点
    private Node minimum(Node node){
        if(node.left == null)
            return node;
        return minimum(node.left);
    }

    // 删除掉以node为根的二分搜索树中的最小节点
    // 返回删除节点后新的二分搜索树的根
    private Node removeMin(Node node){

        if(node.left == null){
            Node rightNode = node.right;
            node.right = null;
            size --;
            return rightNode;
        }

        node.left = removeMin(node.left);
        return node;
    }

    // 从二分搜索树中删除键为key的节点
    @Override
    public V remove(K key){

        Node node = getNode(root, key);
        if(node != null){
            root = remove(root, key);
            return node.value;
        }
        return null;
    }

    private Node remove(Node node, K key){

        if( node == null )
            return null;

        if( key.compareTo(node.key) < 0 ){
            node.left = remove(node.left , key);
            return node;
        }
        else if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0 ){
            node.right = remove(node.right, key);
            return node;
        }
        else{   // key.compareTo(node.key) == 0

            // 待删除节点左子树为空的情况
            if(node.left == null){
                Node rightNode = node.right;
                node.right = null;
                size --;
                return rightNode;
            }

            // 待删除节点右子树为空的情况
            if(node.right == null){
                Node leftNode = node.left;
                node.left = null;
                size --;
                return leftNode;
            }

            // 待删除节点左右子树均不为空的情况

            // 找到比待删除节点大的最小节点, 即待删除节点右子树的最小节点
            // 用这个节点顶替待删除节点的位置
            Node successor = minimum(node.right);
            successor.right = removeMin(node.right);
            successor.left = node.left;

            node.left = node.right = null;

            return successor;
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args){

        System.out.println("Pride and Prejudice");

        ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
        if(FileOperation.readFile("pride-and-prejudice.txt", words)) {
            System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());

            BSTMap<String, Integer> map = new BSTMap<>();
            for (String word : words) {
                if (map.contains(word))
                    map.set(word, map.get(word) + 1);
                else
                    map.add(word, 1);
            }

            System.out.println("Total different words: " + map.getSize());
            System.out.println("Frequency of PRIDE: " + map.get("pride"));
            System.out.println("Frequency of PREJUDICE: " + map.get("prejudice"));
        }

        System.out.println();
    }
}

Pride and Prejudice
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
Frequency of PRIDE: 53
Frequency of PREJUDICE: 11


Process finished with exit code 0

8 映射的复杂度分析和更多映射相关问题

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class Main {

    private static double testMap(Map<String, Integer> map, String filename){

        long startTime = System.nanoTime();

        System.out.println(filename);
        ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
        if(FileOperation.readFile(filename, words)) {
            System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());

            for (String word : words){
                if(map.contains(word))
                    map.set(word, map.get(word) + 1);
                else
                    map.add(word, 1);
            }

            System.out.println("Total different words: " + map.getSize());
            System.out.println("Frequency of PRIDE: " + map.get("pride"));
            System.out.println("Frequency of PREJUDICE: " + map.get("prejudice"));
        }

        long endTime = System.nanoTime();

        return (endTime - startTime) / 1000000000.0;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        String filename = "pride-and-prejudice.txt";

        BSTMap<String, Integer> bstMap = new BSTMap<>();
        double time1 = testMap(bstMap, filename);
        System.out.println("BST Map: " + time1 + " s");

        System.out.println();

        LinkedListMap<String, Integer> linkedListMap = new LinkedListMap<>();
        double time2 = testMap(linkedListMap, filename);
        System.out.println("Linked List Map: " + time2 + " s");

    }
}

pride-and-prejudice.txt
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
Frequency of PRIDE: 53
Frequency of PREJUDICE: 11
BST Map: 0.246712 s

pride-and-prejudice.txt
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
Frequency of PRIDE: 53
Frequency of PREJUDICE: 11
Linked List Map: 10.152681 s

Process finished with exit code 0

在这里插入图片描述

有序映射和无序映射：
1、有序映射中的键具有顺序性
2、无序映射中的键没有顺序性

通常使用搜索树来实现有序映射，使用链表实现无序映射效率太慢了，通常会使用哈希表实现

多重映射：
键是可以重复的

在这里插入图片描述

1、对于映射来说，映射其实也是一种集合，只不过是存储键值对的集合
2、集合和映射是存在联系的
3、在一些系统类库中，完全可以基于集合来实现映射，或者基于映射来实现集合
4、基于集合来实现映射，就要额外定义集合中的元素是键值对，并且比较的时候是以键值对中的键进行比较
5、基于映射来实现集合，其实就是映射中键值对中的值为空，此时get和set就没有意义了

9 Leetcode上更多关于集合和映射的问题

给定两个数组，编写一个函数来计算它们的交集。

示例 1:

输入: nums1 = [1,2,2,1], nums2 = [2,2]
输出: [2]
示例 2:

输入: nums1 = [4,9,5], nums2 = [9,4,9,8,4]
输出: [9,4]
说明:

输出结果中的每个元素一定是唯一的。
我们可以不考虑输出结果的顺序

来源：力扣（LeetCode）
链接：https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/intersection-of-two-arrays

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.TreeSet;

class Solution349 {
    public int[] intersection(int[] nums1, int[] nums2) {

        TreeSet<Integer> set = new TreeSet<>();
        for(int num: nums1)
            set.add(num);

        ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
        for(int num: nums2){
            if(set.contains(num)){
                list.add(num);
                set.remove(num);
            }
        }

        int[] res = new int[list.size()];
        for(int i = 0 ; i < list.size() ; i ++)
            res[i] = list.get(i);
        return res;
    }
}

给定两个数组，编写一个函数来计算它们的交集。
示例 1:

输入: nums1 = [1,2,2,1], nums2 = [2,2]
输出: [2,2]
示例 2:

输入: nums1 = [4,9,5], nums2 = [9,4,9,8,4]
输出: [4,9]
说明：

输出结果中每个元素出现的次数，应与元素在两个数组中出现的次数一致。
我们可以不考虑输出结果的顺序。
进阶:

如果给定的数组已经排好序呢？你将如何优化你的算法？
如果 nums1 的大小比 nums2 小很多，哪种方法更优？
如果 nums2 的元素存储在磁盘上，磁盘内存是有限的，并且你不能一次加载所有的元素到内存中，你该怎么办？

来源：力扣（LeetCode）
链接：https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/intersection-of-two-arrays-ii
著作权归领扣网络所有。商业转载请联系官方授权，非商业转载请注明出处。

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.TreeMap;

public class Solution350 {

    public int[] intersect(int[] nums1, int[] nums2) {

        TreeMap<Integer, Integer> map = new TreeMap<>();
        for(int num: nums1){
            if(!map.containsKey(num))
                map.put(num, 1);
            else
                map.put(num, map.get(num) + 1);
        }

        ArrayList<Integer> res = new ArrayList<>();
        for(int num: nums2){
            if(map.containsKey(num)){
                res.add(num);
                map.put(num, map.get(num) - 1);
                if(map.get(num) == 0)
                    map.remove(num);
            }
        }

        int[] ret = new int[res.size()];
        for(int i = 0 ; i < res.size() ; i ++)
            ret[i] = res.get(i);

        return ret;
    }
}