数据结构 6 之集合和映射
1 集合基础 和基于二分搜索树的集合实现
1.1 Set接口
public interface Set<E> {
void add(E e);
boolean contains(E e);
void remove(E e);
int getSize();
boolean isEmpty();
}
1.2 基于二分搜索树的Set接口
public class BSTSet<E extends Comparable<E>> implements Set<E> {
private BST<E> bst;
public BSTSet(){
bst = new BST<>();
}
@Override
public int getSize(){
return bst.size();
}
@Override
public boolean isEmpty(){
return bst.isEmpty();
}
@Override
public void add(E e){
bst.add(e);
}
@Override
public boolean contains(E e){
return bst.contains(e);
}
@Override
public void remove(E e){
bst.remove(e);
}
}
1.3 二分搜索树
见数据结构之二分搜索树
1.4 文件操作类
// 文件相关操作
public class FileOperation {
// 读取文件名称为filename中的内容，并将其中包含的所有词语放进words中
public static boolean readFile(String filename, ArrayList<String> words){
if (filename == null || words == null){
System.out.println("filename is null or words is null");
return false;
}
// 文件读取
Scanner scanner;
try {
File file = new File(filename);
if(file.exists()){
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
scanner = new Scanner(new BufferedInputStream(fis), "UTF-8");
scanner.useLocale(Locale.ENGLISH);
}
else
return false;
} catch(IOException ioe){
System.out.println("Cannot open " + filename);
return false;
}
// 简单分词
// 这个分词方式相对简陋, 没有考虑很多文本处理中的特殊问题
// 在这里只做demo展示用
if (scanner.hasNextLine()) {
String contents = scanner.useDelimiter("\\A").next();
int start = firstCharacterIndex(contents, 0);
for (int i = start + 1; i <= contents.length(); )
if (i == contents.length() || !Character.isLetter(contents.charAt(i))) {
String word = contents.substring(start, i).toLowerCase();
words.add(word);
start = firstCharacterIndex(contents, i);
i = start + 1;
} else
i++;
}
return true;
}
// 寻找字符串s中，从start的位置开始的第一个字母字符的位置
private static int firstCharacterIndex(String s, int start){
for( int i = start ; i < s.length() ; i ++ )
if( Character.isLetter(s.charAt(i)) )
return i;
return s.length();
}
}
1.5 在项目目录下拷贝两本英文小说
1.6 测试类
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Pride and Prejudice");
ArrayList<String> words1 = new ArrayList<>();
if(FileOperation.readFile("pride-and-prejudice.txt", words1)) {
System.out.println("Total words: " + words1.size());
BSTSet<String> set1 = new BSTSet<>();
for (String word : words1)
set1.add(word);
System.out.println("Total different words: " + set1.getSize());
}
System.out.println();
System.out.println("A Tale of Two Cities");
ArrayList<String> words2 = new ArrayList<>();
if(FileOperation.readFile("a-tale-of-two-cities.txt", words2)){
System.out.println("Total words: " + words2.size());
BSTSet<String> set2 = new BSTSet<>();
for(String word: words2)
set2.add(word);
System.out.println("Total different words: " + set2.getSize());
}
}
}
Pride and Prejudice
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
A Tale of Two Cities
Total words: 141489
Total different words: 9944
Process finished with exit code 0
2 基于链表的集合实现
2.1 链表set类
public class LinkedListSet<E> implements Set<E> {
private LinkedList<E> list;
public LinkedListSet(){
list = new LinkedList<>();
}
@Override
public int getSize(){
return list.getSize();
}
@Override
public boolean isEmpty(){
return list.isEmpty();
}
//注意不能添加重复元素
@Override
public void add(E e){
if(!list.contains(e))
list.addFirst(e);
}
@Override
public boolean contains(E e){
return list.contains(e);
}
@Override
public void remove(E e){
list.removeElement(e);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Pride and Prejudice");
ArrayList<String> words1 = new ArrayList<>();
if(FileOperation.readFile("pride-and-prejudice.txt", words1)) {
System.out.println("Total words: " + words1.size());
LinkedListSet<String> set1 = new LinkedListSet<>();
for (String word : words1)
set1.add(word);
System.out.println("Total different words: " + set1.getSize());
}
System.out.println();
System.out.println("A Tale of Two Cities");
ArrayList<String> words2 = new ArrayList<>();
if(FileOperation.readFile("a-tale-of-two-cities.txt", words2)){
System.out.println("Total words: " + words2.size());
LinkedListSet<String> set2 = new LinkedListSet<>();
for(String word: words2)
set2.add(word);
System.out.println("Total different words: " + set2.getSize());
}
}
}
Pride and Prejudice
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
A Tale of Two Cities
Total words: 141489
Total different words: 9944
Process finished with exit code 0
2.2 链表类
见数据结构之链表类
3 集合类的复杂度分析
性能分析
public class Main {
private static double testSet(Set<String> set, String filename){
long startTime = System.nanoTime();
System.out.println(filename);
ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
if(FileOperation.readFile(filename, words)) {
System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());
for (String word : words)
set.add(word);
System.out.println("Total different words: " + set.getSize());
}
long endTime = System.nanoTime();
return (endTime - startTime) / 1000000000.0;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
String filename = "pride-and-prejudice.txt";
BSTSet<String> bstSet = new BSTSet<>();
double time1 = testSet(bstSet, filename);
System.out.println("BST Set: " + time1 + " s");
System.out.println();
LinkedListSet<String> linkedListSet = new LinkedListSet<>();
double time2 = testSet(linkedListSet, filename);
System.out.println("Linked List Set: " + time2 + " s");
}
}
pride-and-prejudice.txt
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
BST Set: 0.3533343 s
pride-and-prejudice.txt
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
Linked List Set: 3.1152668 s
Process finished with exit code 0
| – | LinkedListSet | BSTSET |
|---|---|---|
| 增 | O(n) ,先查是否重复 | O(h),每次查找都会折半，h是二分树的深度 |
| 查 | O(n) ,先查是否重复 | O(h),每次查找都会折半，h是二分树的深度 |
| 删 | O(n) ,先找到删除的前一个节点 | O(h),每次查找都会折半，h是二分树的深度 |
深度如何计算:
如果一个数据用log(n) 复杂度的算法需要一天能得到计算结果，那么试用O(n)的算法需要137年
上述是以满二叉树进行分析，还有一种极端情况：当数据以顺序进来的时候，二分搜索树会退化为链表
4 Leetcode中集合问题和更多集合相关问题
1、国际摩尔斯密码定义一种标准编码方式，将每个字母对应于一个由一系列点和短线组成的字符串， 比如: “a” 对应 “.-”, “b” 对应 “-…”, “c” 对应 “-.-.”, 等等。
为了方便，所有26个英文字母对应摩尔斯密码表如下：
[".-","-…","-.-.","-…",".","…-.","–.","…","…",".—","-.-",".-…","–","-.","—",".–.","–.-",".-.","…","-","…-","…-",".–","-…-","-.–","–…"]
给定一个单词列表，每个单词可以写成每个字母对应摩尔斯密码的组合。例如，“cab” 可以写成 “-.-…–…”，(即 “-.-.” + “-…” + ".-"字符串的结合)。我们将这样一个连接过程称作单词翻译。
返回我们可以获得所有词不同单词翻译的数量。
例如:
输入: words = [“gin”, “zen”, “gig”, “msg”]
输出: 2
解释:
各单词翻译如下:
“gin” -> “–…-.”
“zen” -> “–…-.”
“gig” -> “–…--.”
“msg” -> “–…--.”
共有 2 种不同翻译, “–…-.” 和 “–…--.”.
来源：力扣（LeetCode）
链接：https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/unique-morse-code-words
public class Solution {
public int uniqueMorseRepresentations(String[] words) {
String[] codes = {".-","-...","-.-.","-..",".","..-.","--.","....","..",".---","-.-",".-..","--","-.","---",".--.","--.-",".-.","...","-","..-","...-",".--","-..-","-.--","--.."};
//这里的TreeSet是Java封装的，比我们之前写的BSTSet更强大，是基于红黑树（平衡二叉树）实现的，所以不会出现树退化为链表的情况
TreeSet<String> set = new TreeSet<>();
for(String word: words){
StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
for(int i = 0 ; i < word.length() ; i ++)
//计算每个单词的莫斯码
res.append(codes[word.charAt(i) - 'a']);
set.add(res.toString());
}
return set.size();
}
}
2、有序集合和无序集合
有序集合中的元素具有顺序性，无论是之前实现的二分搜索树，还是Java封装的TreeSet都是有序集合，即我们可以轻易按照从小到大进行排序。或者查看一个元素的上一个元素或下一个元素是谁。最大的元素和最小的元素
无序集合中的元素没有顺序性，使用链表实现的集合是一种无序的集合，元素插入的顺序决定了存储的顺序，不能 从小到大进行排序。或者查看一个元素的上一个元素或下一个元素是谁。最大的元素和最小的元素
3、多重集合
允许元素可以重复
5 映射基础
public interface Map<K, V> {
void add(K key, V value);
V remove(K key);
boolean contains(K key);
V get(K key);
void set(K key, V newValue);
int getSize();
boolean isEmpty();
}
6 基于链表的映射实现
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class LinkedListMap<K, V> implements Map<K, V> {
private class Node{
public K key;
public V value;
public Node next;
public Node(K key, V value, Node next){
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
public Node(K key, V value){
this(key, value, null);
}
public Node(){
this(null, null, null);
}
@Override
public String toString(){
return key.toString() + " : " + value.toString();
}
}
private Node dummyHead;
private int size;
public LinkedListMap(){
dummyHead = new Node();
size = 0;
}
@Override
public int getSize(){
return size;
}
@Override
public boolean isEmpty(){
return size == 0;
}
private Node getNode(K key){
Node cur = dummyHead.next;
while(cur != null){
if(cur.key.equals(key))
return cur;
cur = cur.next;
}
return null;
}
@Override
public boolean contains(K key){
return getNode(key) != null;
}
@Override
public V get(K key){
Node node = getNode(key);
return node == null ? null : node.value;
}
@Override
public void add(K key, V value){
Node node = getNode(key);
if(node == null){
dummyHead.next = new Node(key, value, dummyHead.next);
size ++;
}
else
node.value = value;
}
@Override
public void set(K key, V newValue){
Node node = getNode(key);
if(node == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException(key + " doesn't exist!");
node.value = newValue;
}
@Override
public V remove(K key){
Node prev = dummyHead;
while(prev.next != null){
if(prev.next.key.equals(key))
break;
prev = prev.next;
}
if(prev.next != null){
Node delNode = prev.next;
prev.next = delNode.next;
delNode.next = null;
size --;
return delNode.value;
}
return null;
}
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Pride and Prejudice");
ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
if(FileOperation.readFile("pride-and-prejudice.txt", words)) {
System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());
LinkedListMap<String, Integer> map = new LinkedListMap<>();
for (String word : words) {
if (map.contains(word))
map.set(word, map.get(word) + 1);
else
map.add(word, 1);
}
System.out.println("Total different words: " + map.getSize());
System.out.println("Frequency of PRIDE: " + map.get("pride"));
System.out.println("Frequency of PREJUDICE: " + map.get("prejudice"));
}
System.out.println();
}
}
Pride and Prejudice
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
Frequency of PRIDE: 53
Frequency of PREJUDICE: 11
Process finished with exit code 0
7 基于二分搜索树的映射实现
public class BSTMap<K extends Comparable<K>, V> implements Map<K, V> {
private class Node{
public K key;
public V value;
public Node left, right;
public Node(K key, V value){
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
left = null;
right = null;
}
}
private Node root;
private int size;
public BSTMap(){
root = null;
size = 0;
}
@Override
public int getSize(){
return size;
}
@Override
public boolean isEmpty(){
return size == 0;
}
// 向二分搜索树中添加新的元素(key, value)
@Override
public void add(K key, V value){
root = add(root, key, value);
}
// 向以node为根的二分搜索树中插入元素(key, value)，递归算法
// 返回插入新节点后二分搜索树的根
private Node add(Node node, K key, V value){
if(node == null){
size ++;
return new Node(key, value);
}
if(key.compareTo(node.key) < 0)
node.left = add(node.left, key, value);
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0)
node.right = add(node.right, key, value);
else // key.compareTo(node.key) == 0
node.value = value;
return node;
}
// 返回以node为根节点的二分搜索树中，key所在的节点
private Node getNode(Node node, K key){
if(node == null)
return null;
if(key.equals(node.key))
return node;
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) < 0)
return getNode(node.left, key);
else // if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0)
return getNode(node.right, key);
}
@Override
public boolean contains(K key){
return getNode(root, key) != null;
}
@Override
public V get(K key){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
return node == null ? null : node.value;
}
@Override
public void set(K key, V newValue){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
if(node == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException(key + " doesn't exist!");
node.value = newValue;
}
// 返回以node为根的二分搜索树的最小值所在的节点
private Node minimum(Node node){
if(node.left == null)
return node;
return minimum(node.left);
}
// 删除掉以node为根的二分搜索树中的最小节点
// 返回删除节点后新的二分搜索树的根
private Node removeMin(Node node){
if(node.left == null){
Node rightNode = node.right;
node.right = null;
size --;
return rightNode;
}
node.left = removeMin(node.left);
return node;
}
// 从二分搜索树中删除键为key的节点
@Override
public V remove(K key){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
if(node != null){
root = remove(root, key);
return node.value;
}
return null;
}
private Node remove(Node node, K key){
if( node == null )
return null;
if( key.compareTo(node.key) < 0 ){
node.left = remove(node.left , key);
return node;
}
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0 ){
node.right = remove(node.right, key);
return node;
}
else{ // key.compareTo(node.key) == 0
// 待删除节点左子树为空的情况
if(node.left == null){
Node rightNode = node.right;
node.right = null;
size --;
return rightNode;
}
// 待删除节点右子树为空的情况
if(node.right == null){
Node leftNode = node.left;
node.left = null;
size --;
return leftNode;
}
// 待删除节点左右子树均不为空的情况
// 找到比待删除节点大的最小节点, 即待删除节点右子树的最小节点
// 用这个节点顶替待删除节点的位置
Node successor = minimum(node.right);
successor.right = removeMin(node.right);
successor.left = node.left;
node.left = node.right = null;
return successor;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Pride and Prejudice");
ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
if(FileOperation.readFile("pride-and-prejudice.txt", words)) {
System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());
BSTMap<String, Integer> map = new BSTMap<>();
for (String word : words) {
if (map.contains(word))
map.set(word, map.get(word) + 1);
else
map.add(word, 1);
}
System.out.println("Total different words: " + map.getSize());
System.out.println("Frequency of PRIDE: " + map.get("pride"));
System.out.println("Frequency of PREJUDICE: " + map.get("prejudice"));
}
System.out.println();
}
}
Pride and Prejudice
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
Frequency of PRIDE: 53
Frequency of PREJUDICE: 11
Process finished with exit code 0
8 映射的复杂度分析和更多映射相关问题
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Main {
private static double testMap(Map<String, Integer> map, String filename){
long startTime = System.nanoTime();
System.out.println(filename);
ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
if(FileOperation.readFile(filename, words)) {
System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());
for (String word : words){
if(map.contains(word))
map.set(word, map.get(word) + 1);
else
map.add(word, 1);
}
System.out.println("Total different words: " + map.getSize());
System.out.println("Frequency of PRIDE: " + map.get("pride"));
System.out.println("Frequency of PREJUDICE: " + map.get("prejudice"));
}
long endTime = System.nanoTime();
return (endTime - startTime) / 1000000000.0;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
String filename = "pride-and-prejudice.txt";
BSTMap<String, Integer> bstMap = new BSTMap<>();
double time1 = testMap(bstMap, filename);
System.out.println("BST Map: " + time1 + " s");
System.out.println();
LinkedListMap<String, Integer> linkedListMap = new LinkedListMap<>();
double time2 = testMap(linkedListMap, filename);
System.out.println("Linked List Map: " + time2 + " s");
}
}
pride-and-prejudice.txt
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
Frequency of PRIDE: 53
Frequency of PREJUDICE: 11
BST Map: 0.246712 s
pride-and-prejudice.txt
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
Frequency of PRIDE: 53
Frequency of PREJUDICE: 11
Linked List Map: 10.152681 s
Process finished with exit code 0
有序映射和无序映射：
1、有序映射中的键具有顺序性
2、无序映射中的键没有顺序性
通常使用搜索树来实现有序映射，使用链表实现无序映射效率太慢了，通常会使用哈希表实现
多重映射：
键是可以重复的
1、对于映射来说，映射其实也是一种集合，只不过是存储键值对的集合
2、集合和映射是存在联系的
3、在一些系统类库中，完全可以基于集合来实现映射，或者基于映射来实现集合
4、基于集合来实现映射，就要额外定义集合中的元素是键值对，并且比较的时候是以键值对中的键进行比较
5、基于映射来实现集合，其实就是映射中键值对中的值为空，此时get和set就没有意义了
9 Leetcode上更多关于集合和映射的问题
给定两个数组，编写一个函数来计算它们的交集。
示例 1:
输入: nums1 = [1,2,2,1], nums2 = [2,2]
输出: [2]
示例 2:
输入: nums1 = [4,9,5], nums2 = [9,4,9,8,4]
输出: [9,4]
说明:
输出结果中的每个元素一定是唯一的。
我们可以不考虑输出结果的顺序
来源：力扣（LeetCode）
链接：https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/intersection-of-two-arrays
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.TreeSet;
class Solution349 {
public int[] intersection(int[] nums1, int[] nums2) {
TreeSet<Integer> set = new TreeSet<>();
for(int num: nums1)
set.add(num);
ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
for(int num: nums2){
if(set.contains(num)){
list.add(num);
set.remove(num);
}
}
int[] res = new int[list.size()];
for(int i = 0 ; i < list.size() ; i ++)
res[i] = list.get(i);
return res;
}
}
给定两个数组，编写一个函数来计算它们的交集。
示例 1:
输入: nums1 = [1,2,2,1], nums2 = [2,2]
输出: [2,2]
示例 2:
输入: nums1 = [4,9,5], nums2 = [9,4,9,8,4]
输出: [4,9]
说明：
输出结果中每个元素出现的次数，应与元素在两个数组中出现的次数一致。
我们可以不考虑输出结果的顺序。
进阶:
如果给定的数组已经排好序呢？你将如何优化你的算法？
如果 nums1 的大小比 nums2 小很多，哪种方法更优？
如果 nums2 的元素存储在磁盘上，磁盘内存是有限的，并且你不能一次加载所有的元素到内存中，你该怎么办？
来源：力扣（LeetCode）
链接：https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/intersection-of-two-arrays-ii
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import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.TreeMap;
public class Solution350 {
public int[] intersect(int[] nums1, int[] nums2) {
TreeMap<Integer, Integer> map = new TreeMap<>();
for(int num: nums1){
if(!map.containsKey(num))
map.put(num, 1);
else
map.put(num, map.get(num) + 1);
}
ArrayList<Integer> res = new ArrayList<>();
for(int num: nums2){
if(map.containsKey(num)){
res.add(num);
map.put(num, map.get(num) - 1);
if(map.get(num) == 0)
map.remove(num);
}
}
int[] ret = new int[res.size()];
for(int i = 0 ; i < res.size() ; i ++)
ret[i] = res.get(i);
return ret;
}
}
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