1.分部积分
推导：
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(uv)'=u'v+uv'(乘法法则 )\Rightarrow uv'=(uv)'-u'v\\ \int uv'= uv-\int u'vdx,\int_a^buv'dx=uv|_a^b-\int_a^bu'vdx
(uv)′=u′v+uv′(乘法法则)⇒uv′=(uv)′−u′v∫uv′=uv−∫u′vdx,∫abuv′dx=uv∣ab−∫abu′vdx
Ex1:
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\int lnxdx=lnx \cdot x-\int \frac{1}{x} \cdot xdx=xlnx-x+C\\ u=lnx,u'=\frac{1}{x};v=x,v'=1
∫lnxdx=lnx⋅x−∫x1⋅xdx=xlnx−x+Cu=lnx,u′=x1;v=x,v′=1
Ex2:
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\int(lnx)^2dx,u=(lnx)^2,u'=2\cdot lnx\cdot\frac{1}{x}\\ v=x,v'=1\\ 原式=(lnx)^2\cdot x-\int2\cdot lnx\cdot \frac{1}{x} \cdot xdx\\ =(lnx)^2\cdot x-\int2 \cdot lnxdx(由E1可知)\\ =(lnx)^2x-2(xlnx-x)+C
∫(lnx)2dx,u=(lnx)2,u′=2⋅lnx⋅x1v=x,v′=1原式=(lnx)2⋅x−∫2⋅lnx⋅x1⋅xdx=(lnx)2⋅x−∫2⋅lnxdx(由E1可知)=(lnx)2x−2(xlnx−x)+C
Ex3:
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\int(lnx)^ndx=(lnx)^n\cdot x-\int n \cdot (lnx)^{n-1} \cdot \frac{1}{x} \cdot xdx\\ u=(lnx)^n,u'=n(lnx)^{n-1}\cdot \frac{1}{x};v=x,v'=1\\ 原式=(lnx)^n \cdot x-\int n \cdot(lnx)^{n-1}dx
∫(lnx)ndx=(lnx)n⋅x−∫n⋅(lnx)n−1⋅x1⋅xdxu=(lnx)n,u′=n(lnx)n−1⋅x1;v=x,v′=1原式=(lnx)n⋅x−∫n⋅(lnx)n−1dx
从上式可以总结一个结论:
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F_n(x)=\int(lnx)^ndx,F_n(x)=x(lnx)^n-nF_{n-1}(x)
Fn(x)=∫(lnx)ndx,Fn(x)=x(lnx)n−nFn−1(x)
将上式进行倒推：
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F_0(x)=\int (lnx)^0 dx=x;F_1(x)=xlnx-F_0(x)=xlnx-x+C\\ F_2(x)=x(lnx)^2-2F_1(x)=x(lnx)^2-2(xlnx-x)+C
F0(x)=∫(lnx)0dx=x;F1(x)=xlnx−F0(x)=xlnx−x+CF2(x)=x(lnx)2−2F1(x)=x(lnx)2−2(xlnx−x)+C
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\int x^n e^xdx,令u=x^n,u'=nx^{n-1},v=e^x,v'=e^x\\ 原式=x^ne^x-\int nx^{n-1}e^xdx\\ G_n(x)=\int x^ne^xdx,G_n(x)=x^n \cdot e^x-nG_{n-1}(x)
∫xnexdx,令u=xn,u′=nxn−1,v=ex,v′=ex原式=xnex−∫nxn−1exdxGn(x)=∫xnexdx,Gn(x)=xn⋅ex−nGn−1(x)
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