【2019.06.13】python 实现单例模式的几种方法（__new__, 闭包，全局变量，导包）

1. 使用 new 方法：

 class Singleton(object):
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
        if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
            orig = super(Singleton, cls)
            cls._instance = orig.__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
        return cls._instance

  class MyClass(Singleton):
    a = 1

2. 使用闭包的方式：

def singleton(cls, *args, **kw):
    instances = {}
    def getinstance():
        if cls not in instances:
            instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kw)
        return instances[cls]
    return getinstance

  @singleton
  class MyClass:
    ...

3. 全局共享属性

创建实例时把所有实例的dict指向一个字典，这样它们就具有相同的属性和方法

class Borg(object):
    _state = {}
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
        ob = super(Borg, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
        ob.__dict__ = cls._state
        return ob

  class MyClass2(Borg):
      a = 1

4. 使用import

作为python的模块是天然的单例模式

# mysingleton.py
  class My_Singleton(object):
      def foo(self):
          pass

  my_singleton = My_Singleton()

  # to use
  from mysingleton import my_singleton

  my_singleton.foo()