网络编程
1.1、概述
计算机网络:
计算机网络是指将 地理位置不同的具有独立功能的多台计算机及其外部设备,通过通信线路连接起来,在网络操作系统及网络管理软件,网络通信协议的管理和协调下,实现资源共享和信息传递的计算机系统。
网络编程的目的:
无线电台的例子 传播交流信息,数据交换 通信
网络编程中的两个主要问题:
- 如何准确定位网络上的一台主机 IP+端口 定位到这个计算机上的某个资源?
- 找到了主机,如何传输数据?
javaweb:网页编程 B/S
网络编程:TCP/IP C/S
1.2、网络通信的要素
实现网络的通信需要:
- **通信双方的地址:**IP+端口号
- 规则:网络通信的协议 udp tcp
1.3、IP
ip地址:InetAddress
-
唯一定位一台网络上的计算机
-
127.0.0.1:本机 localhost
-
ip地址的分类
-
IPV4 /IPV6
-
IPV4 127.0.0.1 4个字节组成。每个字节0-255,42亿;亚洲4亿;2011年用尽
-
IPV6 fe80::38ca:d063:7f6c:6052%17 128位 8个无符号整数
2001:0bb2:aaaa:0015:0000:0000:laaa:1312
-
-
公网(互联网) 私网(局域网)
- ABCD类地址
- 192.168.xx.xx,专门给组织内部使用
-
-
域名:记忆IP问题!
1.4、端口
端口表示计算机上的一个程序的进程:
-
不同的进程有不同的端口号
-
0-65535*2
-
TCP/UDP : TCP 80 UDP 80 不冲突 单个协议下,端口号不能冲突
-
端口分类
-
公有端口: 0-1023
- HTTP:80
- HTTPS:443
- FTP:21
- Telent:23
-
程序注册端口: 1024-49151 分配给用户或者程序
- Tomcat:8080
- MySQL:3306
- Oracle:1521
-
动态、私有: 49152-65532
netstat -amo #查看所有的端口 netstat -amo|findstr "5900"#查看指定的端口 tasklist|findstr "8086"#查看指定端口的进程
-
1.5、通信协议
协议:约定
网络通信协议:
- 存在问题:非常复杂!
- 大事化小:分层!
TCP/IP协议簇
重要:
- TCP:用户传输协议
- UDP:用户数据报协议
出名:
- TCP
- IP:网络互联协议
TCP vs UDP
TCP:打电话
-
连接,稳定
-
三次握手 四次挥手
最少需要三次,保证稳定连接! A:你瞅啥? B:瞅你咋地? A:干一场! A:我要走了 B:你真的要走了吗? B:你真的真的要走了吗? A:我真的要走了!
-
客户端、服务端
-
传输完成,释放连接,效率低
UDP:发短信
- 不连接,不稳定
- 客户端、服务端:没有明确的界限
- 不管有没有准备好,都可以发给你
- 导弹攻击
- DDOS:洪水攻击!饱和攻击
1.6、TCP
客户端:
- 连接服务器 Socket
- 发送消息
public class TcpClientDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Socket socket = null;
OutputStream os = null;
try {
//1.知道服务器的地址 端口号
InetAddress serverIP = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
int port = 9999;
//2.创建一个socket连接
socket = new Socket(serverIP, port);
//3.发送消息 IO流
os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("你好!".getBytes());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (os != null) {
try {
os.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket != null) {
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
服务端:
- 建立服务的端口 ServerSocket
- 等待用户的连接 accept
- 接收消息
public class TcpServerDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
Socket socket = null;
InputStream is = null;
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
try {
//1.得有一个地址 localhost:9999
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
while (true) {
//2.等待客户端连接过来
socket = serverSocket.accept();
//3.读取客户端的消息
is = socket.getInputStream();
/*
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while((len= is.read(buffer))!=-1){
String msg = new String(buffer, 0, len);
System.out.println(msg);
}*/
//管道流
baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1) {
baos.write(buffer, 0, len);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//关闭资源
if (baos != null) {
try {
baos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (is != null) {
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket != null) {
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (serverSocket != null) {
try {
serverSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
文件上传
客户端:
public class TcpClientDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"),9000);
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
//读取文件
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File("p2.png"));
//写出文件
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while((len=fis.read(buffer))!=-1){
os.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//通知服务器 我已经结束了
socket.shutdownOutput();
//确定服务器接收完毕,才能断开连接
InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer2 = new byte[1024];
int len2;
while ((len2 = inputStream.read(buffer2)) != -1) {
baos.write(buffer2, 0,len2);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
baos.close();
inputStream.close();
fis.close();
os.close();
socket.close();
}
}
服务端:
public class TcpServerDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9000);
Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();//阻塞式监听 会一直等待客户端连接
//获取输入流
InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
//文件输出
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File("receive.png"));
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1) {
fos.write(buffer, 0, len);
}
//通知客户端接收完毕了
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("接收完毕!可以断开了!".getBytes());
os.close();
fos.close();
is.close();
socket.close();
serverSocket.close();
}
}
Tomcat
服务端
- 自定义S
- Tomcat服务器S Java后台开发
客户端
- 自定义C
- 浏览器B
1.7、UDP
发短信:不用连接,但是需要知道对方的地址
发送消息
发送端:
//不需要连接服务器 不写服务端运行也不会报错
public class UdpClientDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.建立一个Socket
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
//2.建个包
String msg = "你好啊!服务器!";
//发送给谁
InetAddress localhost = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
int port = 9090;
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(), 0, msg.getBytes().length, localhost, 9090);
//3.发送包
socket.send(packet);
//4.关闭
socket.close();
}
}
接收端:
//还是要等待客户端的连接
public class UdpServerDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//开放端口
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(9090);
//接收数据包
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, 0, buffer.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻塞接收
System.out.println(packet.getAddress().getHostAddress());
System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(),0,packet.getLength()));
//关闭连接
socket.close();
}
}
咨询
循环发送消息
public class UdpSenderDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8888);
while (true) {
//准备数据:控制台读取
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String data = reader.readLine();
byte[] datas = data.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas, 0, datas.length, new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 6666));
socket.send(packet);
if (data.equals("bye")) {
break;
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
循环接收消息
public class UdpReceiveDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);
while (true){
//准备接收包裹
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container, 0, container.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻塞式接收包裹
//断开连接 bye
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data, 0, data.length);
System.out.println(receiveData);
if (receiveData.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}
}
}
在线咨询
两个人都可以是发送方,也都可以是接收方! 多线程
发送消息:
public class TalkSend extends Thread {
DatagramSocket socket = null;
BufferedReader reader = null;
private int fromPort;
private String toIP;
private int toPort;
public TalkSend(int fromPort, String toIP, int toPort) {
this.fromPort = fromPort;
this.toIP = toIP;
this.toPort = toPort;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(fromPort);
//准备数据:控制台读取
reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true) {
try {
String data = reader.readLine();
byte[] datas = data.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas, 0, datas.length, new InetSocketAddress(this.toIP, this.toPort));
socket.send(packet);
if (data.equals("bye")) {
break;
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
接收消息:
public class TalkReceive implements Runnable{
DatagramSocket socket = null;
private int port;
private String msgFrom;
public TalkReceive(int port,String msgFrom) {
this.port = port;
this.msgFrom=msgFrom;
try {
socket= new DatagramSocket(port);
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true){
try {
//准备接收包裹
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container, 0, container.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻塞式接收包裹
//断开连接 bye
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data, 0, data.length);
System.out.println(msgFrom+":"+receiveData);
if (receiveData.equals("bye")){
break;
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
老师:
public class TalkTeacher {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(new TalkSend(5555,"localhost",8888)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(9999,"学生")).start();
}
}
学生:
public class TalkStudent {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//开启两个线程
new Thread(new TalkSend(7777,"localhost",9999)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(8888,"老师")).start();
}
}
1.8、URL
https://www.baidu.com/
统一资源定位符:定位资源。
DNS 域名解析 https://www.baidu.com ----> xxx.xxx.xxx.xx
协议://IP地址:端口/项目名/资源
测试URL
public class URLDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
URL url = new URL("http://localhost:8080/helloworld/index.jsp?username=lyl&passwd=123");
System.out.println(url.getProtocol());//协议
System.out.println(url.getHost());//主机ip
System.out.println(url.getPort());//端口
System.out.println(url.getPath());//文件
System.out.println(url.getFile());//全路径
System.out.println(url.getQuery());//参数
}
}
URL下载网络上的资源
public class URLDown {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1. 下载地址
URL url = new URL("https://m701.music.126.net/20210307150605/cf0b6cbc86e0db47edee61979c10e54b/jdyyaac/obj/w5rDlsOJwrLDjj7CmsOj/4693514964/a3e6/30e7/0c08/0d6e9bc6c2895fa1a3b635493c4a9b39.m4a");
//2.连接到这个资源 HTTP
HttpURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
//3.下载
InputStream inputStream = urlConnection.getInputStream();
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("沉沦与遐想.m4a");
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = inputStream.read(buffer)) != -1) {
fos.write(buffer, 0, len);//写出数据
}
fos.close();
inputStream.close();
urlConnection.disconnect();//断开连接
}
}