Python可视化-matplotlib用法详解(二)3D图形绘制

一、绘制线形图

Axes3D.plot 函数用来绘制线形图。

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')

x = np.linspace(-10, 10, 1000)
y = np.linspace(-10, 10, 1000)
z = np.add(x, y)

ax.plot(x, y, z)
plt.show()

二、散点图

Axes3D.scatter 函数用来绘制散点图。

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')

count = 100
range1 = 100

xs = np.random.rand(count) * range1
ys = np.random.rand(count) * range1
zs = np.random.rand(count) * range1

ax.scatter(xs, ys, zs, s=zs, c=zs)

ax.set_xlabel('X Label')
ax.set_ylabel('Y Label')
ax.set_zlabel('Z Label')

plt.show()

三、线框图

Axes3D.plot_wireframe 函数用来绘制线框图。

# meshgrid_demo.py

import numpy as np

x = np.arange(1, 4)
y = np.arange(11, 16)
print(x)
print(y)

X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
print(X)
print(Y)

[1 2 3]
[11 12 13 14 15]
[[1 2 3]
 [1 2 3]
 [1 2 3]
 [1 2 3]
 [1 2 3]]
[[11 11 11]
 [12 12 12]
 [13 13 13]
 [14 14 14]
 [15 15 15]]

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')

x = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.1)
y = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.1)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)

Z = np.add(-np.power(X, 3), np.power(Y, 4))

surf = ax.plot_wireframe(X, Y, Z)

plt.show()

四、曲面图

Axes3D.plot_surface 函数用来绘制曲面图。

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

from matplotlib import cm
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')

x = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.1)
y = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.1)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)

Z = np.add(-np.power(X, 3), np.power(Y, 2))

surf = ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, cmap=cm.gist_rainbow)
fig.colorbar(surf, shrink=0.5, aspect=5)

plt.show()

五、等高线

Axes3D.contour 函数用来绘制等高线。

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

from matplotlib import cm
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')

x = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.1)
y = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.1)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)

Z = np.add(-np.power(X, 4), np.power(Y, 4))

ax.set_xlabel("X")
ax.set_ylabel("Y")
ax.plot_wireframe(X, Y, Z, alpha=0.1)
ax.contour(X, Y, Z, cmap=cm.Accent, linewidths=2)

plt.show()

六、柱状图

Axes3D.bar 函数用来绘制柱状图。

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

from matplotlib.collections import PolyCollection
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')

np.random.seed(59)
month = np.arange(1, 12)
years = [2016, 2017, 2018, 2019]

def get_color(value_array):
    color = []
    for v in value_array:
        if (v < 50):
            color.append('y')
        elif (v < 100):
            color.append('g')
        elif (v < 150):
            color.append('b')
        elif (v < 200):
            color.append('c')
        elif (v < 250):
            color.append('m')
        else:
            color.append('r')
    return color

for year, c in zip(years, ['b','c','r','m']):
    value = np.random.rand(len(month)) * 300
    ax.bar(month, value, year, zdir='y', color=get_color(value), alpha=0.7)
    for i in np.arange(0, 12):
        ax.bar

ax.set_xlabel('Month')
ax.set_xticks(np.arange(1, 13))
ax.set_ylabel('Year')
ax.set_yticks(np.arange(2016, 2020))
ax.set_zlabel('Precipitation')

plt.show()

七、多边形

Axes3D.add_collection3d 函数用来向图形中添加3D集合对象。

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

from matplotlib.collections import PolyCollection
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')

np.random.seed(59)
month = np.arange(0, 13)
years = [2016, 2017, 2018, 2019]

precipitation = []
for year in years:
    value = np.random.rand(len(month)) * 300
    value[0], value[-1] = 0, 0
    precipitation.append(list(zip(month, value)))

poly = PolyCollection(precipitation, facecolors=['b','c','r','m'])
poly.set_alpha(0.7)

ax.add_collection3d(poly, zs=years, zdir='y')
ax.set_xlabel('Month')
ax.set_xlim3d(0, 12)
ax.set_ylabel('Year')
ax.set_ylim3d(2015, 2020)
ax.set_zlabel('Precipitation')
ax.set_zlim3d(0, 300)

plt.show()

八、制作动图

很多时候，我们可能需要制作一张动画图来展示图形的全貌，下面我们就来看一下如何做到。

为了制作动图，我们需要先有制作动图的图片素材。
下面我们就以前面等高线那个函数生成的复杂图形为例，来看看如何生成一个关于这个图形不同角度的动图。
相关代码如下：

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

from matplotlib import cm
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')

x = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.1)
y = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.1)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)

Z = np.add(-np.power(X, 4), np.power(Y, 4))

ax.set_xlabel("X")
ax.set_ylabel("Y")
ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, cmap=cm.hsv)

for angle in range(95, 180, 3):
    ax.set_zlabel("Angle: " + str(angle))
    ax.view_init(30, angle)
    filename = "./pic/" + str(angle) + ".png"
    plt.savefig(filename)
    print("Save " + filename + " finish")

Save ./pic/95.png finish
Save ./pic/98.png finish
Save ./pic/101.png finish
Save ./pic/104.png finish
Save ./pic/107.png finish
Save ./pic/110.png finish
Save ./pic/113.png finish
Save ./pic/116.png finish
Save ./pic/119.png finish
Save ./pic/122.png finish
Save ./pic/125.png finish
Save ./pic/128.png finish
Save ./pic/131.png finish
Save ./pic/134.png finish
Save ./pic/137.png finish
Save ./pic/140.png finish
Save ./pic/143.png finish
Save ./pic/146.png finish
Save ./pic/149.png finish
Save ./pic/152.png finish
Save ./pic/155.png finish
Save ./pic/158.png finish
Save ./pic/161.png finish
Save ./pic/164.png finish
Save ./pic/167.png finish
Save ./pic/170.png finish
Save ./pic/173.png finish
Save ./pic/176.png finish
Save ./pic/179.png finish