Spring框架重点 梳理

  • Spring设计理念

          Spring这个一站式轻量级开源框架之所以流行,因为该框架把对象之间的依赖关系转而用配置文件管理,

也就是DI依赖注入机制;

          而这个注入关系在IoC的容器中被管理,所谓IoC,被称为Inversion of Control,控制反转。

          IoC指将对象的创建权反转(交给)给Spring管理来实现程序的解耦。

          在Spring中核心组件有三个:Core、Context、Bean:

          在一场演出中,Bean好比是一个个的演员;

                                   Context就是其中的舞台背景;

                                   Core就是演出需要的道具;

                                   只有这些拼凑在一起才能使一场演出顺利进行。

          Context就是多个Bean关系的集合,也被称之为IoC容器,

          Core便作为用来 发现、建立、维护工具每个Bean之间的关系所需要的一系列工具。

  • Bean组件

       Bean组件位于 org.springframework.beans包下,该包下的所有类主要涉及:

               Bean的定义、Bean的创建、Bean的解析。

       Bean的创建是典型的工厂模式,BeanFactory作为顶级接口,有3个子类:

                      ListableBeanFactory接口(表示这些Bean是可列表的)、

                      HierarchicalBeanFactory接口(表示这些Bean存在继承关系,有父Bean)、

                      以及定义Bean的自动装配规则的AutowireCapableBeanFactory接口;

       而最终的默认实现类为DefaultListableBeanFactory

       Bean的定义由BeanDefinition描述,当Spring成功解析定义的<bean />节点后,在Spring内部将转化为

BeanDefinition,此后的操作都将针对该对象进行。

       Bean的解析主要是对Spring中配置文件的解析。

  •  Context组件

       Context组件位于 org.springframework.context包下,ApplicationContext作为顶级接口,分别继承了

BeanFactory的子类及 ResourceLoader的子类,使其能够以Bean为运行主体,同时可访问到任何外部资源:

         ApplicationContext子类主要包含:ConfigurableApplicationContext及WebApplicationContext,

前者用来动态添加或修改已有配置信息,后者是为Web而准备的Context:

  • Core组件

        该组件一个重要的组成部分就是利用Resource接口定义了资源的访问方式,如下:

        Resource继承了InputStreamSource接口,在该接口中有个getInputStream方法,返回InputStream类,

屏蔽了资源的提供者; ResourceLoader接口屏蔽了资源加载者所带来的差异。

  • IoC 控制反转

        IoC容器实际上就是Context组件结合其他两个组件共同构建的一个Bean关系网,而构建的入口就是

AbstractApplicationContext中的refresh方法:

@Override
public void refresh() throws BeansException, IllegalStateException {
	synchronized (this.startupShutdownMonitor) {
		// Prepare this context for refreshing.
		prepareRefresh();

		// 1.刷新所有BeanFactory子容器.
		ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory = obtainFreshBeanFactory();

		// 创建BeanFactory后,添加一些Spring本身需要的工具类
		prepareBeanFactory(beanFactory);

		try {
			// 功能扩展性-对已经构建的BeanFactory配置做一些修改
			postProcessBeanFactory(beanFactory);

			invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(beanFactory);

			//  功能扩展性-可再创建的Bean实例对象时添加一些自定义操作
			registerBeanPostProcessors(beanFactory);

			// Initialize message source for this context.
			initMessageSource();

			// Initialize event multicaster for this context.
			initApplicationEventMulticaster();

			// Initialize other special beans in specific context subclasses.
			onRefresh();

			// Check for listener beans and register them.
			registerListeners();

			// 2.在BeanFactory进行Bean的实例化及Bean关系网的构建
			finishBeanFactoryInitialization(beanFactory);

			// Last step: publish corresponding event.
			finishRefresh();
			
		}catch (BeansException ex) {
			if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
				logger.warn("Exception encountered during context initialization - " +
						"cancelling refresh attempt: " + ex);
			}

			// Destroy already created singletons to avoid dangling resources.
			destroyBeans();

			// Reset 'active' flag.
			cancelRefresh(ex);

			// Propagate exception to caller.
			throw ex;
			
		}finally {
			// Reset common introspection caches in Spring's core, since we
			// might not ever need metadata for singleton beans anymore...
			resetCommonCaches();
		}
	}
}

/**
 * Tell the subclass to refresh the internal bean factory.
 * @return the fresh BeanFactory instance
 * @see #refreshBeanFactory()
 * @see #getBeanFactory()
 */
protected ConfigurableListableBeanFactory obtainFreshBeanFactory() {
	refreshBeanFactory();
	ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory = getBeanFactory();
	if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
		logger.debug("Bean factory for " + getDisplayName() + ": " + beanFactory);
	}
	return beanFactory;
}

/**
 * Finish the initialization of this context's bean factory,
 * initializing all remaining singleton beans.
 */
protected void finishBeanFactoryInitialization(ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory) {
	
	... ...

	// Stop using the temporary ClassLoader for type matching.
	beanFactory.setTempClassLoader(null);

	// Allow for caching all bean definition metadata, not expecting further changes.
	beanFactory.freezeConfiguration();

	// Instantiate all remaining (non-lazy-init) singletons.
	beanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons();
}

         1. 根据可更新子类AbstractRefreshableApplicationContext中的refreshBeanFactory方法刷新所有

BeanFactory子容器,已存在BeanFactory则更新,否则新创建:

/**
 * This implementation performs an actual refresh of this context's underlying
 * bean factory, shutting down the previous bean factory (if any) and
 * initializing a fresh bean factory for the next phase of the context's lifecycle.
 */
@Override
protected final void refreshBeanFactory() throws BeansException {
	if (hasBeanFactory()) {
		destroyBeans();
		closeBeanFactory();
	}
	try {
		DefaultListableBeanFactory beanFactory = createBeanFactory();
		beanFactory.setSerializationId(getId());
		customizeBeanFactory(beanFactory);
		//将加载、解析Bean的定义
		loadBeanDefinitions(beanFactory);

		synchronized (this.beanFactoryMonitor) {
			this.beanFactory = beanFactory;
		}
	}
	catch (IOException ex) {
		throw new ApplicationContextException("I/O error parsing bean definition source for " + getDisplayName(), ex);
	}
}

     2. 利用FactoryBean来进行Bean实例化:

@Override
public void preInstantiateSingletons() throws BeansException {
	if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
		this.logger.debug("Pre-instantiating singletons in " + this);
	}
	// Iterate over a copy to allow for init methods which in turn register new bean definitions.
	// While this may not be part of the regular factory bootstrap, it does otherwise work fine.
	List<String> beanNames = new ArrayList<String>(this.beanDefinitionNames);

	// Trigger initialization of all non-lazy singleton beans...
	for (String beanName : beanNames) {
		RootBeanDefinition bd = getMergedLocalBeanDefinition(beanName);
		if (!bd.isAbstract() && bd.isSingleton() && !bd.isLazyInit()) {
			if (isFactoryBean(beanName)) {
				final FactoryBean<?> factory = (FactoryBean<?>) getBean(FACTORY_BEAN_PREFIX + beanName);
				boolean isEagerInit;
				if (System.getSecurityManager() != null && factory instanceof SmartFactoryBean) {
					isEagerInit = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Boolean>() {
						@Override
						public Boolean run() {
							return ((SmartFactoryBean<?>) factory).isEagerInit();
						}
					}, getAccessControlContext());
				}
				else {
					isEagerInit = (factory instanceof SmartFactoryBean &&
							((SmartFactoryBean<?>) factory).isEagerInit());
				}
				if (isEagerInit) {
					getBean(beanName);
				}
			}
			else {
				getBean(beanName);
			}
		}
	}
	// Trigger post-initialization callback for all applicable beans...
	for (String beanName : beanNames) {
		Object singletonInstance = getSingleton(beanName);
		if (singletonInstance instanceof SmartInitializingSingleton) {
			final SmartInitializingSingleton smartSingleton = (SmartInitializingSingleton) singletonInstance;
			if (System.getSecurityManager() != null) {
				AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Object>() {
					@Override
					public Object run() {
						smartSingleton.afterSingletonsInstantiated();
						return null;
					}
				}, getAccessControlContext());
			}
			else {
				smartSingleton.afterSingletonsInstantiated();
			}
		}
	}
}

      接口FactoryBean,是个工厂Bean,可以产生Bean实例的Bean;

      如果一个类继承或实现FactoryBean,则可以通过实现getObject方法来自定义扩展Bean实例对象;

      Spring获取FactoryBean本身的对象可以通过在前面加上&来完成。

      详情可以参考:BeanFactory与FactoryBean的比较

  • IoC容器的扩展点

      1. org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanFactoryPostProcessor接口:构建BeanFactory时调用

      2. org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor接口:构建Bean对象时调用

      3. org.springframework.beans.factory.InitializingBean接口:Bean实例被创建时调用

      4. org.springframework.beans.factory.DisposableBean接口:Bean实例被销毁时调用

      5. org.springframework.beans.factory.FactoryBean接口:可以产生自定义Bean实例的Bean

      举例说明:若将IoC容器比作是一个箱子,箱子里有若干球模子,依据模子可造不同的球;还有一个可生产球

模子的机器,以及一个不是预先定型并且形状任意确定的神奇球模;关系如下:

  • Spring AOP

         Spring AOP基于动态代理实现,而动态代理要从JDK本身说起:JDK 1.8 的java.lang.reflect.Proxy类就是构造

代理类的入口;其newProxyInstance方法作为创建代理对象的方法,源码如下:

//参数1:ClassLoader用于加载代理类的Loader类,通常和被代理的类是同一个Loader类
//参数2:Interfaces是要被代理的接口
//参数3:InvocationHandler用于执行除被代理接口方法之外的用户自定义的操作,也是用户需要代理的最终目的;调用的目标方法都被代理到其invoke方法中。
public static Object newProxyInstance(ClassLoader loader,Class<?>[] interfaces,
    InvocationHandler h)throws IllegalArgumentException{
        
	Objects.requireNonNull(h);

	final Class<?>[] intfs = interfaces.clone();
	final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
	if (sm != null) {
		checkProxyAccess(Reflection.getCallerClass(), loader, intfs);
	}
	/*
	 * Look up or generate the designated proxy class.
	 */
	Class<?> cl = getProxyClass0(loader, intfs);
	/*
	 * Invoke its constructor with the designated invocation handler.
	 */
	try {
		if (sm != null) {
			checkNewProxyPermission(Reflection.getCallerClass(), cl);
		}

		final Constructor<?> cons = cl.getConstructor(constructorParams);
		final InvocationHandler ih = h;
		if (!Modifier.isPublic(cl.getModifiers())) {
			AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
				public Void run() {
					cons.setAccessible(true);
					return null;
				}
			});
		}
		return cons.newInstance(new Object[]{h});
	} catch (IllegalAccessException|InstantiationException e) {
		throw new InternalError(e.toString(), e);
	} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
		Throwable t = e.getCause();
		if (t instanceof RuntimeException) {
			throw (RuntimeException) t;
		} else {
			throw new InternalError(t.toString(), t);
		}
	} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
		throw new InternalError(e.toString(), e);
	}
}
/**
 * a cache of proxy classes
 */
private static final WeakCache<ClassLoader, Class<?>[], Class<?>>
	proxyClassCache = new WeakCache<>(new KeyFactory(), new ProxyClassFactory());

/**
 * Generate a proxy class.  Must call the checkProxyAccess method
 * to perform permission checks before calling this.
 */
private static Class<?> getProxyClass0(ClassLoader loader,Class<?>... interfaces) {
	if (interfaces.length > 65535) {
		throw new IllegalArgumentException("interface limit exceeded");
	}

	// If the proxy class defined by the given loader implementing
	// the given interfaces exists, this will simply return the cached copy;
	// otherwise, it will create the proxy class via the ProxyClassFactory
	return proxyClassCache.get(loader, interfaces);
}

          Proxy$ProxyClassFactory.class 该内部类源码如下:

/**
 * A factory function that generates, defines and returns the proxy class given
 * the ClassLoader and array of interfaces.
 */
private static final class ProxyClassFactory implements BiFunction<ClassLoader, Class<?>[], Class<?>>{
	// prefix for all proxy class names
	private static final String proxyClassNamePrefix = "$Proxy";

	// next number to use for generation of unique proxy class names
	private static final AtomicLong nextUniqueNumber = new AtomicLong();

	@Override
	public Class<?> apply(ClassLoader loader, Class<?>[] interfaces) {

		Map<Class<?>, Boolean> interfaceSet = new IdentityHashMap<>(interfaces.length);
		for (Class<?> intf : interfaces) {
			/*
			 * Verify that the class loader resolves the name of this
			 * interface to the same Class object.
			 */
			Class<?> interfaceClass = null;
			try {
				interfaceClass = Class.forName(intf.getName(), false, loader);
			} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
			}
			if (interfaceClass != intf) {
				throw new IllegalArgumentException(
					intf + " is not visible from class loader");
			}
			/*
			 * Verify that the Class object actually represents an
			 * interface.
			 */
			if (!interfaceClass.isInterface()) {
				throw new IllegalArgumentException(interfaceClass.getName() + " is not an interface");
			}
			/*
			 * Verify that this interface is not a duplicate.
			 */
			if (interfaceSet.put(interfaceClass, Boolean.TRUE) != null) {
				throw new IllegalArgumentException("repeated interface: " + interfaceClass.getName());
			}
		}
		// package to define proxy class in
		String proxyPkg = null; 
		int accessFlags = Modifier.PUBLIC | Modifier.FINAL;

		/*
		 * Record the package of a non-public proxy interface so that the
		 * proxy class will be defined in the same package.  Verify that
		 * all non-public proxy interfaces are in the same package.
		 */
		for (Class<?> intf : interfaces) {
			int flags = intf.getModifiers();
			if (!Modifier.isPublic(flags)) {
				accessFlags = Modifier.FINAL;
				String name = intf.getName();
				int n = name.lastIndexOf('.');
				String pkg = ((n == -1) ? "" : name.substring(0, n + 1));
				if (proxyPkg == null) {
					proxyPkg = pkg;
				} else if (!pkg.equals(proxyPkg)) {
					throw new IllegalArgumentException("non-public interfaces from different packages");
				}
			}
		}

		if (proxyPkg == null) {
			// if no non-public proxy interfaces, use com.sun.proxy package
			proxyPkg = ReflectUtil.PROXY_PACKAGE + ".";
		}

		/*
		 * Choose a name for the proxy class to generate.
		 */
		long num = nextUniqueNumber.getAndIncrement();
		String proxyName = proxyPkg + proxyClassNamePrefix + num;

		/*
		 * Generate the specified proxy class.
		 */
		byte[] proxyClassFile = ProxyGenerator.generateProxyClass(proxyName, interfaces, accessFlags);
		try {
			return defineClass0(loader, proxyName,proxyClassFile, 0, proxyClassFile.length);
		} catch (ClassFormatError e) {
			/*
			 * A ClassFormatError here means that (barring bugs in the
			 * proxy class generation code) there was some other
			 * invalid aspect of the arguments supplied to the proxy
			 * class creation (such as virtual machine limitations
			 * exceeded).
			 */
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(e.toString());
		}
	}
}

       将以上Proxy创建代理对象的过程利用时序图表示如下:

         其实代理的目的就是在调用目标方法时可以转而执行InvocationHandler类的invoke方法,所以

Spring AOP 的实现关键就在于如何在InvocationHandler上进行自定义。

         Spring AOP 创建代理对象使用到继承了FactoryBean的子类ProxyFactoryBean 以及 JdkDynamicAopProxy:

               详情参考:五大框架工作原理——Spring

  • 设计模式——代理设计模式

          待续。。。

  • 设计模式——策略设计模式

          应用场景: 策略模式,顾名思义就是做某事的策略,编程上完成指定某个操作有很多方案,但在不同的环境

下应根据需要选择对应合适的方案。

          示例图:

                     Context:当时所处的环境,可根据自身条件选择不同的策略实现类来完成操作,持有一个策略Strategy

                                     实例的引用;创建具体策略对象的方法也可以由它完成。

                     Strategy:抽象的策略接口,定义每个策略实现类要实现的策略抽象方法。

                     ConcreteStrategy:具体的策略实现类,实现在Strategy中定义的抽象方法。

            在Spring中的应用示例:

                    Spring的代理方式包括 以上介绍的JDK动态代理 及 cglib代理,这两种方式的使用运用了策略设计模式,

            如下图:    

                 该结构与标准的策略模式稍微有点不同,此处抽象策略是AopProxy接口;

                 Cglib2AopProxy与JdkDynamicAopProxy分别代表两种具体的策略实现类;

                 Context角色是ProxyFactoryBean;根据条件来选择使用JDK代理方式还是cglib方式。

                 另外三个类主要负责创建具体的策略对象,ProxyFactoryBean通过依赖的方法来关联具体策略对象

并调用策略对象的getProxy(ClassLoader loader)方法完成操作。

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