HashMap源码注释翻译

HashMap注释翻译

package java.util;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
import java.util.function.BiFunction;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.function.Function;

import sun.misc.SharedSecrets;

/*
 *基于哈希表实现的映射接口。这
 *实现提供了所有可选的map操作和许可证
 *空值和空键。(HashMapclass大致相当于Hashtable,除了它是这个类不做任何保证
 *map的次序;特别是,它不能保证订单会随着时间保持不变。
 **这个实现为basic提供了常量时间性能
 *操作(get和put),假设是哈希函数
 *将元素适当地分散到各个桶中。迭代
 *收集视图所需时间与“容量”成正比HashMap实例(桶的数量)加上它的大小(桶的数量)
 *键值映射)。因此,不要设置初始值是非常重要的
 *如果迭代性能过高(或负载因子过低)
 *重要。
 **HashMap的实例有两个参数,这两个参数影响它
 *性能:初始容量和负载系数。的
 *容量是哈希表中的桶数和初始桶数
 *容量就是创建哈希表时的容量。的
 *加载因子是对允许哈希表的满度的度量
 *在它的容量自动增加之前。当
 *哈希表中的项超过了负载因子和的乘积
 *当前容量,哈希表被重新哈希(即内部数据)
 *结构被重建),使哈希表大约有两倍的桶的数量。
 **作为一个通用规则,默认的负载因子(.75)提供了一个良好的性能
 *权衡时间和空间成本。值越高,
 *空间开销,但增加查找成本(反映在大多数HashMap类的操作,包括
 *获取和放置)。所期望的项数
 *地图及其负载因素应考虑时
 *设置其初始容量,使
 *重复操作。如果初始容量大于
 *最大条目数除以负载因子,没有重哈希
 *操作永远不会发生。
 **如果要在HashMap中存储许多映射例如,创建一个足够大的容量将允许
 *映射将被更有效地存储,而不是让它执行
 *根据需要自动重新哈希表。注意,使用
 *许多带有相同{@code hashCode()}的键肯定会减慢速度
 *降低任何哈希表的性能。改善影响,当关键
 * are {@link Comparable},这个类可以使用之间的比较顺序
 *帮助打破关系的钥匙。
 **注意,这个实现不是同步的。
 *如果多个线程同时访问一个散列映射,且至少一个*线程修改映射的结构,它必须
 *外部同步。结构修改是指任何操作
 *添加或删除一个或多个映射;只是改变了值
 *与实例已包含的键关联的不是这通常是由同步一些对象,自然封装映射。
 **如果不存在此类对象,则应使用
 * {@link Collections#synchronizedMap Collections.synchronizedMap}
 *方法。这最好在创建时完成,以防止意外
 *对地图的不同步访问:
 * Map m =集合。synchronizedMap(新HashMap (…));
 **这个类的所有“集合视图方法”返回的迭代器
 *是故障-快速:如果地图是结构性修改后的任何时间迭代器被创建,除了通过迭代器自己的方式
 *删除方法,迭代器将抛出一个
 * {@link ConcurrentModificationException}。因此,面对并发
 *修改时,迭代器会快速而干净地失败,而不会有风险的任意、不确定的行为
 *未来。
 **注意,不能保证迭代器的快速故障行为一般来说,我们不可能做出任何严格的保证
 *存在不同步的并发修改。快速失败迭代器
 *尽最大努力抛出ConcurrentModificationException。因此,写一个依赖于此的程序是错误的
 *异常的正确性:迭代器的快速失效行为
 *应该只用于检测bug。
 **这个类是
 ** Java集合框架。
 * *
 *
 * @param <K> the type of keys maintained by this map
 * @param <V> the type of mapped values
 *
 * @author  Doug Lea
 * @author  Josh Bloch
 * @author  Arthur van Hoff
 * @author  Neal Gafter
 * @see     Object#hashCode()
 * @see     Collection
 * @see     Map
 * @see     TreeMap
 * @see     Hashtable
 * @since   1.2
 */
public class HashMap<K, V> extends AbstractMap<K, V>
        implements Map<K, V>, Cloneable, Serializable {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 362498820763181265L;
    /* 实现说明。
     *
     *这个映射通常充当一个被绑定(被屏蔽)的哈希表,但是
     *当箱子变得太大时,它们会被转换成
     *树节点,每个节点的结构类似于
     * java.util.TreeMap。大多数方法尝试使用普通的箱子,但是
     *在适用时转发到TreeNode方法(只需检查)
     *节点的instanceof)。可以遍历和
     *像其他的一样使用,但是另外支持更快的查找
     *当人口过剩。然而,由于绝大多数的垃圾箱
     *正常使用不超载,检查是否存在
     *在表方法的过程中,可能会延迟树容器。
     *
     *树箱(即元素都是树节点的箱子)
     *主要根据hashCode排序,但如果是tie,则是两个
     *元素属于相同的“C类实现可比较”,
     *类型,然后他们的compareTo方法用于排序。(我们
     *通过反射保守地检查泛型类型以进行验证
     * this——参见方法comparableClassFor)。增加了复杂性
     *提供最坏情况O(log n)是值得的
     *当键具有不同的哈希值或为时的操作
     *可排序,因此,性能优雅地下降
     *hashCode()方法的意外或恶意使用
     *返回的值分布不均匀,以及
     *许多密钥共享一个hashCode,只要它们也是
     *具有可比性。如果这两个都不适用,我们可能会浪费a
     *在时间和空间上的因素是2,而不是
     *预防措施。但目前所知的案例都来自于糟糕的用户
     *编程实践已经如此缓慢,这使得
     *小区别。)
     *
     *因为树节点的大小是普通节点的两倍
     *只有当箱子中有足够的节点时才使用
     *(见TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)。当它们变得太小的时候(由于
     *删除或调整大小)它们被转换回普通的垃圾箱。在
     *使用分布良好的用户哈希码,树箱是
     *很少使用。理想情况下,在随机哈希码下
     *bin中的节点服从泊松分布
     *(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_distribution)
     *默认大小调整的平均参数约为0.5
     *阈值为0.75,虽然有较大的方差,因为
     *调整粒度。忽略方差,得到期望
     *列表大小k的出现次数为(exp(-0.5) * pow(0.5, k) /
     * factorial (k))。第一个值是:
     *
     * 0:0.60653066
     * 1:0.30326533
     * 2:0.07581633
     * 3:0.01263606
     * 4:0.00157952
     * 5:0.00015795
     * 6:0.00001316
     * 7:0.00000094
     * 8:0.00000006
     *更多:少于千万分之一
     *
     *树状容器的根通常是它的第一个节点。然而,
     *有时(当前仅针对Iterator.remove),根可能
     *在其他地方,但可以通过父链接恢复
     * (TreeNode.root()方法)。
     *
     *所有适用的内部方法都接受哈希码作为
     *参数(通常由公共方法提供),允许
     *在不重新计算用户哈希码的情况下调用。
     *也就是说,大多数内部方法也接受“tab”参数
     *通常是当前表,但可能是新表或旧表时
     *调整大小或转换。
     *
     *当bin列表被treeified、split或untreeified时,我们保留
     *它们以相同的相对存取/遍历次序(即、现场
     *(下同)为了更好地保存局部,对
     *简化对调用的分割和遍历的处理
     * iterator.remove。当使用比较器进行插入时,要保持a
     *总排序(或相近的是需要在这里)
     * rebalancings,我们将类和identityHashCodes进行比较
     *参加。
     *
     *普通vs树模式之间的使用和转换是
     *由于LinkedHashMap子类的存在而变得复杂。看到
     *下面是定义在插入时调用的钩子方法,
     *删除和访问允许LinkedHashMap内部
     *否则保持独立于这些机制。(这也
     *要求将映射实例传递给一些实用程序方法
     *可能会创建新节点。)
     *
     *基于ssa的并行编程风格很有帮助
     *避免所有扭曲指针操作中的别名错误。
     */

    /**
     * 默认的初始容量-必须是2的幂。
     */
    static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16

    /**
     * 如果隐式指定了更高的值,则使用最大容量
     * 由任何一个带参数的构造函数。
     * 必须是2的幂<= 1<<30。
     */
    static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;

    /**
     * 在构造函数中没有指定时使用的负载因子
     */
    static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;

    /**
     * 使用树而不是列表的bin计数阈值
     * 本。在向a中添加元素时,箱子被转换为树
     * 至少有这么多节点的bin。值必须更大
     * 大于2,且应至少为8,以配合假设
     * 关于转换回普通箱的树移除
     * 收缩。
     */
    static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;

    /**
     * 在a期间取消对一个(拆分的)bin进行树化的bin计数阈值
     * 调整操作。是否小于TREEIFY_THRESHOLD,at
     * 大部分6到网格与删除收缩检测。
     */

    static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;

    /**
     * 最小的可存放箱子的桌子容量。
     * (否则,如果一个bin中有太多节点,就会重新调整表的大小。)
     * 应至少达到4 * TREEIFY_THRESHOLD以避免冲突
     * 在调整大小和treeification阈值之间。
     */
    static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;

    /**
     * 基本的哈希bin节点,用于大多数条目。(见下文
     * TreeNode子类,其条目子类在LinkedHashMap中。)
     */
    static class Node<K, V> implements Map.Entry<K, V> {
        final int hash;
        final K key;
        V value;
        Node<K, V> next;

        Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K, V> next) {
            this.hash = hash;
            this.key = key;
            this.value = value;
            this.next = next;
        }

        public final K getKey() {
            return key;
        }

        public final V getValue() {
            return value;
        }

        public final String toString() {
            return key + "=" + value;
        }

        public final int hashCode() {
            return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
        }

        public final V setValue(V newValue) {
            V oldValue = value;
            value = newValue;
            return oldValue;
        }

        public final boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (o == this)
                return true;
            if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
                Map.Entry<?, ?> e = (Map.Entry<?, ?>) o;
                if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
                        Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
                    return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
    }

    /* ---------------- 静态的公用事业 -------------- */

    /**
     * 计算key.hashCode()并扩展(XORs)更高的散列位
     * 低。因为表使用了2的幂的掩蔽,所以集合
     * 仅在当前掩码上的位上变化的散列会
     * 总是碰撞。(已知的例子包括一组浮点键
     * 在小表格中保存连续的整数)所以我们
     * 应用一个变换来分散高比特的影响
     * 向下。在速度、效用和之间有一个权衡
     * 点播质量。因为有很多常见的哈希值
     * 已经合理分布(所以不要从中受益
     * 因为我们用树木来处理大量的树木
     * 碰撞在箱子里,我们只是XOR一些移位的位
     * 最便宜的方法来减少系统的损失,以及
     * 合并最高位的影响,否则
     * 不要在索引计算中使用,因为表的边界。
     */
    static final int hash(Object key) {
        int h;
        return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
    }

    /**
     * 返回x的类,如果它是“C类实现”的形式
     * Comparable<C>",否则为空。
     */
    static Class<?> comparableClassFor(Object x) {
        if (x instanceof Comparable) {
            Class<?> c;
            Type[] ts, as;
            Type t;
            ParameterizedType p;
            if ((c = x.getClass()) == String.class) // bypass checks
                return c;
            if ((ts = c.getGenericInterfaces()) != null) {
                for (int i = 0; i < ts.length; ++i) {
                    if (((t = ts[i]) instanceof ParameterizedType) &&
                            ((p = (ParameterizedType) t).getRawType() ==
                                    Comparable.class) &&
                            (as = p.getActualTypeArguments()) != null &&
                            as.length == 1 && as[0] == c) // type arg is c
                        return c;
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * 返回k.compareto(x)
     * <p>
     * 如果x匹配kc(k的屏幕可比
     * class),否则0。
     */

    @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked"}) // for cast to Comparable
    static int compareComparables(Class<?> kc, Object k, Object x) {
        return (x == null || x.getClass() != kc ? 0 :
                ((Comparable) k).compareTo(x));
    }

    /**
     * 返回给定目标容量的两倍幂。
     */
    static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) {
        int n = cap - 1;
        n |= n >>> 1;
        n |= n >>> 2;
        n |= n >>> 4;
        n |= n >>> 8;
        n |= n >>> 16;
        return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;
    }

    /* ---------------- Fields -------------- */

    /**
     * 表,第一次使用时初始化,并调整大小为
     * 必要的。当分配时,长度总是2的幂。
     * (我们也容忍长度为零的一些操作允许
     * 目前不需要的引导机制。)
     */
    transient Node<K, V>[] table;

    /**
     * 保存缓存的entrySet()。注意使用了AbstractMap字段
     * 用于keySet()和values()。
     */
    transient Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet;

    /**
     * 此映射中包含的键值映射的数量。
     */
    transient int size;

    /**
     * 此HashMap在结构上修改的次数
     * 结构修改是指改变映射的数量
     * HashMap或以其他方式修改其内部结构(例如,
     * 重复)。此字段用于对集合视图生成迭代器
     * HashMap失败得很快。(见ConcurrentModificationException)。
     */
    transient int modCount;

    /**
     * 要调整大小的下一个大小值(容量*负载因子)。
     *
     * @serial
     */
    //(序列化后,javadoc描述为true。
//另外,如果还没有分配表数组,则执行以下操作
//字段持有初始数组容量,或表示为零
// DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)。
    int threshold;

    /**
     * 哈希表的加载因子。
     *
     * @serial
     */
    final float loadFactor;

    /* ---------------- Public operations -------------- */

    /***使用指定的初始值构造一个空的<tt>HashMap</tt>*容量和负载因素。*初始容量* @param加载因子加载因子如果初始容量为负,则抛出IllegalArgumentException或者负载因子是非正的*/
    public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
                    initialCapacity);
        if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
            initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
                    loadFactor);
        this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
        this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
    }

    /**
     * 使用指定的初始值构造一个空的<tt>HashMap</tt>
     * 容量和默认负载因子(0.75)。
     * <p>
     * 初始容量。
     * 如果初始容量为负,则抛出IllegalArgumentException。
     */
    public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
        this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
    }

    /**
     * 使用默认初始容量构造一个空的<tt>HashMap</tt>
     * (16)和默认的负载因子(0.75)。
     */
    public HashMap() {
        this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
    }

    /**
     * 使用与. .相同的映射构造新的HashMap
     * 指定地图。HashMap是用
     * 默认负载因数(0.75)和足够的初始容量
     * 保存指定映射中的映射。
     *
     * @param m 映射将被放置在这个映射中的映射
     *          如果指定的映射为空,@抛出NullPointerException
     */
    public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
        this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
        putMapEntries(m, false);
    }

    /**
     * 实现地图。putAll和Map构造函数
     *
     * @param m地图
     * @param在最初构建此地图时为false,否则 为真(转发到下午插入方法)。
     */
    final void putMapEntries(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m, boolean evict) {
        int s = m.size();
        if (s > 0) {
            if (table == null) { // pre-size
                float ft = ((float) s / loadFactor) + 1.0F;
                int t = ((ft < (float) MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
                        (int) ft : MAXIMUM_CAPACITY);
                if (t > threshold)
                    threshold = tableSizeFor(t);
            } else if (s > threshold)
                resize();
            for (Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet()) {
                K key = e.getKey();
                V value = e.getValue();
                putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, evict);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.
     *
     * @return the number of key-value mappings in this map
     */
    public int size() {
        return size;
    }

    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map contains no key-value mappings.
     *
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this map contains no key-value mappings
     */
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return size == 0;
    }

    /**
     * 返回指定键映射到的值,
     * 或{@code null},如果此映射不包含键的映射。
     *
     * <p>更正式,如果这个映射包含一个键的映射
     * {@code k}到一个值{@code v},使得{@code (key==null ?k = =零:
     * key.equals(k))},则该方法返回{@code v};否则
     * 它返回{@code null}。(最多可以有一个这样的映射。)
     * <p>
     * {@code null}的返回值不一定<i> </i>
     * 表示该映射不包含键的映射;这也是
     * 可能映射显式地将键映射到{@code null}。
     * {@link #containsKey}操作可用于
     * 区分这两种情况。
     *
     * @see #put (对象,对象)
     */
    public V get(Object key) {
        Node<K, V> e;
        return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
    }

    /**
     * 实现地图。get和相关方法
     *
     * @param hash for key
     * @param密钥
     * @返回节点,如果没有则返回null
     */
    final Node<K, V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
        Node<K, V>[] tab;
        Node<K, V> first, e;
        int n;
        K k;
        if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
                (first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
            if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
                    ((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                return first;
            if ((e = first.next) != null) {
                if (first instanceof TreeNode)
                    return ((TreeNode<K, V>) first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
                do {
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                            ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        return e;
                } while ((e = e.next) != null);
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * 如果此映射包含
     * 指定的关键。
     *
     * @return true如果这个映射包含指定的映射
     * 键。
     * @param键该键在此地图中的存在将被测试
     */
    public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
        return getNode(hash(key), key) != null;
    }

    /**
     * 将指定值与此映射中的指定键关联。
     * 如果之前的映射包含一个键的映射,则为旧的
     * 值被替换。
     *
     * @param键是与指定值相关联的键
     * @param值与指定的键相关联的值
     * @返回与键或关联的前一个值 null,如果没有映射键。
     * (一个空返回也可以表示映射
     * 先前将null与键关联。)
     */
    public V put(K key, V value) {
        return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
    }

    /**
     * 实现地图。put及相关方法
     *
     * @param hash         for key
     * @param onlyIfAbsent 如果为真,不要更改现有值
     * @param密钥
     * @param值
     * @param如果为false,则该表处于创建模式。
     * @返回以前的值,如果没有则返回null
     */
    final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
                   boolean evict) {
        Node<K, V>[] tab;
        Node<K, V> p;
        int n, i;
        if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
            n = (tab = resize()).length;
        if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
            tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
        else {
            Node<K, V> e;
            K k;
            if (p.hash == hash &&
                    ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                e = p;
            else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
                e = ((TreeNode<K, V>) p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
            else {
                for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
                    if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                        p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                        if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                            treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                        break;
                    }
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                            ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        break;
                    p = e;
                }
            }
            if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
                V oldValue = e.value;
                if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
                    e.value = value;
                afterNodeAccess(e);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        ++modCount;
        if (++size > threshold)
            resize();
        afterNodeInsertion(evict);
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * 初始化或加倍表大小。如果为空,则分配in
     * 符合田间阈值设定的初始产能目标。
     * 否则,因为我们使用的是2的幂次展开式
     * 每个bin中的元素必须保持相同的索引,或者移动
     * 新表中的偏移量为2的幂。
     *
     * @返回表
     */
    final Node<K, V>[] resize() {
        Node<K, V>[] oldTab = table;
        int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
        int oldThr = threshold;
        int newCap, newThr = 0;
        if (oldCap > 0) {
            if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
                threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                return oldTab;
            } else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
                    oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
                newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold双阈值
        } else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold初始容量设置为阈值
            newCap = oldThr;
        else {               // 初始阈值为零表示使用默认值
            newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
            newThr = (int) (DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
        }
        if (newThr == 0) {
            float ft = (float) newCap * loadFactor;
            newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float) MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
                    (int) ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
        }
        threshold = newThr;
        @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked"})
        Node<K, V>[] newTab = (Node<K, V>[]) new Node[newCap];
        table = newTab;
        if (oldTab != null) {
            for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
                Node<K, V> e;
                if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
                    oldTab[j] = null;
                    if (e.next == null)
                        newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
                    else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
                        ((TreeNode<K, V>) e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
                    else { // preserve order
                        Node<K, V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
                        Node<K, V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
                        Node<K, V> next;
                        do {
                            next = e.next;
                            if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
                                if (loTail == null)
                                    loHead = e;
                                else
                                    loTail.next = e;
                                loTail = e;
                            } else {
                                if (hiTail == null)
                                    hiHead = e;
                                else
                                    hiTail.next = e;
                                hiTail = e;
                            }
                        } while ((e = next) != null);
                        if (loTail != null) {
                            loTail.next = null;
                            newTab[j] = loHead;
                        }
                        if (hiTail != null) {
                            hiTail.next = null;
                            newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return newTab;
    }

    /**
     * 替换所有链接节点在bin的索引为给定的哈希除非
     * 表格太小,在这种情况下会改变大小。
     */
    final void treeifyBin(Node<K, V>[] tab, int hash) {
        int n, index;
        Node<K, V> e;
        if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) < MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY)
            resize();
        else if ((e = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
            TreeNode<K, V> hd = null, tl = null;
            do {
                TreeNode<K, V> p = replacementTreeNode(e, null);
                if (tl == null)
                    hd = p;
                else {
                    p.prev = tl;
                    tl.next = p;
                }
                tl = p;
            } while ((e = e.next) != null);
            if ((tab[index] = hd) != null)
                hd.treeify(tab);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 将指定映射的所有映射复制到此映射。
     * 这些映射将替换此映射的所有映射
     * 当前在指定映射中的任何键。
     *
     * @param m 映射将存储在这个映射中
     *          如果指定的映射为空,@抛出NullPointerException
     */
    public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
        putMapEntries(m, true);
    }

    /**
     * 如果存在,则从该映射中删除指定键的映射。
     *
     * @param密钥,其映射将从映射中删除
     * @返回与键或关联的前一个值 null,如果没有映射键。
     * (一个空返回也可以表示映射
     * 先前将null与键关联。)
     */
    public V remove(Object key) {
        Node<K, V> e;
        return (e = removeNode(hash(key), key, null, false, true)) == null ?
                null : e.value;
    }

    /**
     * 实现地图。删除和相关方法
     *
     * @param hash                     for key
     * @param matchValue(如果为真)只在值相等时移除
     * @param matchValue,在删除时不移动其他节点
     * @param密钥
     * @param值如果匹配值,则忽略
     * @返回节点,如果没有则返回null
     */
    final Node<K, V> removeNode(int hash, Object key, Object value,
                                boolean matchValue, boolean movable) {
        Node<K, V>[] tab;
        Node<K, V> p;
        int n, index;
        if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
                (p = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
            Node<K, V> node = null, e;
            K k;
            V v;
            if (p.hash == hash &&
                    ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                node = p;
            else if ((e = p.next) != null) {
                if (p instanceof TreeNode)
                    node = ((TreeNode<K, V>) p).getTreeNode(hash, key);
                else {
                    do {
                        if (e.hash == hash &&
                                ((k = e.key) == key ||
                                        (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
                            node = e;
                            break;
                        }
                        p = e;
                    } while ((e = e.next) != null);
                }
            }
            if (node != null && (!matchValue || (v = node.value) == value ||
                    (value != null && value.equals(v)))) {
                if (node instanceof TreeNode)
                    ((TreeNode<K, V>) node).removeTreeNode(this, tab, movable);
                else if (node == p)
                    tab[index] = node.next;
                else
                    p.next = node.next;
                ++modCount;
                --size;
                afterNodeRemoval(node);
                return node;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * 从该映射中删除所有映射。
     * 调用返回后映射将为空。
     */
    public void clear() {
        Node<K, V>[] tab;
        modCount++;
        if ((tab = table) != null && size > 0) {
            size = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i)
                tab[i] = null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * 如果此映射将一个或多个键映射到。则返回<tt>true</tt>
     * 指定值。
     *
     * @return <tt>true</tt>如果此映射将一个或多个键映射到
     * 指定值
     * @param值,该值在此映射中的存在将被测试
     */
    public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
        Node<K, V>[] tab;
        V v;
        if ((tab = table) != null && size > 0) {
            for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {
                for (Node<K, V> e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
                    if ((v = e.value) == value ||
                            (value != null && value.equals(v)))
                        return true;
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * 返回包含在此映射中的键的{@link Set}视图。
     * set是由map支持的,所以对map的更改是
     * 反映在集合中,反之亦然。如果地图被修改
     * 对集合的迭代正在进行中(除了through)
     * 迭代器自身的删除操作)的结果
     * 迭代没有定义。集合支持元素移除,
     * 方法从映射中删除对应的映射
     * 迭代器。删除Set.remove,
     * 移除所有,保持所有,清除
     * 操作。它不支持添加或添加
     * 操作。
     *
     * @返回此映射中包含的键的集合视图
     */
    public Set<K> keySet() {
        Set<K> ks = keySet;
        if (ks == null) {
            ks = new KeySet();
            keySet = ks;
        }
        return ks;
    }

    final class KeySet extends AbstractSet<K> {
        public final int size() {
            return size;
        }

        public final void clear() {
            HashMap.this.clear();
        }

        public final Iterator<K> iterator() {
            return new KeyIterator();
        }

        public final boolean contains(Object o) {
            return containsKey(o);
        }

        public final boolean remove(Object key) {
            return removeNode(hash(key), key, null, false, true) != null;
        }

        public final Spliterator<K> spliterator() {
            return new KeySpliterator<>(HashMap.this, 0, -1, 0, 0);
        }

        public final void forEach(Consumer<? super K> action) {
            Node<K, V>[] tab;
            if (action == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            if (size > 0 && (tab = table) != null) {
                int mc = modCount;
                for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {
                    for (Node<K, V> e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
                        action.accept(e.key);
                }
                if (modCount != mc)
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * 返回包含在此映射中的值的{@link Collection}视图。
     * 集合由映射支持,所以对映射的更改是
     * 反映在集合中,反之亦然。如果地图是
     * 在对集合进行迭代时进行修改
     * (除非通过迭代器自己的删除操作),
     * 迭代的结果是未定义的。集合
     * 支持元素移除,移除对应的元素
     * 通过迭代器从映射映射,
     * 收集。删除removeAll,
     * 保持和清除操作。它不
     * 支持添加或添加所有操作。
     *
     * @返回此映射中包含的值的视图
     */
    public Collection<V> values() {
        Collection<V> vs = values;
        if (vs == null) {
            vs = new Values();
            values = vs;
        }
        return vs;
    }

    final class Values extends AbstractCollection<V> {
        public final int size() {
            return size;
        }

        public final void clear() {
            HashMap.this.clear();
        }

        public final Iterator<V> iterator() {
            return new ValueIterator();
        }

        public final boolean contains(Object o) {
            return containsValue(o);
        }

        public final Spliterator<V> spliterator() {
            return new ValueSpliterator<>(HashMap.this, 0, -1, 0, 0);
        }

        public final void forEach(Consumer<? super V> action) {
            Node<K, V>[] tab;
            if (action == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            if (size > 0 && (tab = table) != null) {
                int mc = modCount;
                for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {
                    for (Node<K, V> e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
                        action.accept(e.value);
                }
                if (modCount != mc)
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * 返回包含在这个映射中的{@link Set}视图。
     * set是由map支持的,所以对map的更改是
     * 反映在集合中,反之亦然。如果地图被修改
     * 对集合的迭代正在进行中(除了through)
     * 迭代器自己的删除操作,或通过
     * 方法返回的映射项上的setValue操作
     * 迭代的结果是未定义的。一组
     * 支持元素移除,移除对应的元素
     * 通过迭代器从映射映射,
     * Set.remove, removeAll, retainAll and
     * 明确操作。它不支持
     * 添加或添加所有操作。
     *
     * @返回该映射中包含的映射的集合视图
     */
    public Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet() {
        Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> es;
        return (es = entrySet) == null ? (entrySet = new EntrySet()) : es;
    }

    final class EntrySet extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K, V>> {
        public final int size() {
            return size;
        }

        public final void clear() {
            HashMap.this.clear();
        }

        public final Iterator<Map.Entry<K, V>> iterator() {
            return new EntryIterator();
        }

        public final boolean contains(Object o) {
            if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
                return false;
            Map.Entry<?, ?> e = (Map.Entry<?, ?>) o;
            Object key = e.getKey();
            Node<K, V> candidate = getNode(hash(key), key);
            return candidate != null && candidate.equals(e);
        }

        public final boolean remove(Object o) {
            if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
                Map.Entry<?, ?> e = (Map.Entry<?, ?>) o;
                Object key = e.getKey();
                Object value = e.getValue();
                return removeNode(hash(key), key, value, true, true) != null;
            }
            return false;
        }

        public final Spliterator<Map.Entry<K, V>> spliterator() {
            return new EntrySpliterator<>(HashMap.this, 0, -1, 0, 0);
        }

        public final void forEach(Consumer<? super Map.Entry<K, V>> action) {
            Node<K, V>[] tab;
            if (action == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            if (size > 0 && (tab = table) != null) {
                int mc = modCount;
                for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {
                    for (Node<K, V> e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
                        action.accept(e);
                }
                if (modCount != mc)
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }
    }

    // Overrides of JDK8 Map extension methods

    @Override
    public V getOrDefault(Object key, V defaultValue) {
        Node<K, V> e;
        return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? defaultValue : e.value;
    }

    @Override
    public V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
        return putVal(hash(key), key, value, true, true);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean remove(Object key, Object value) {
        return removeNode(hash(key), key, value, true, true) != null;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
        Node<K, V> e;
        V v;
        if ((e = getNode(hash(key), key)) != null &&
                ((v = e.value) == oldValue || (v != null && v.equals(oldValue)))) {
            e.value = newValue;
            afterNodeAccess(e);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    @Override
    public V replace(K key, V value) {
        Node<K, V> e;
        if ((e = getNode(hash(key), key)) != null) {
            V oldValue = e.value;
            e.value = value;
            afterNodeAccess(e);
            return oldValue;
        }
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public V computeIfAbsent(K key,
                             Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
        if (mappingFunction == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        int hash = hash(key);
        Node<K, V>[] tab;
        Node<K, V> first;
        int n, i;
        int binCount = 0;
        TreeNode<K, V> t = null;
        Node<K, V> old = null;
        if (size > threshold || (tab = table) == null ||
                (n = tab.length) == 0)
            n = (tab = resize()).length;
        if ((first = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
            if (first instanceof TreeNode)
                old = (t = (TreeNode<K, V>) first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
            else {
                Node<K, V> e = first;
                K k;
                do {
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                            ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
                        old = e;
                        break;
                    }
                    ++binCount;
                } while ((e = e.next) != null);
            }
            V oldValue;
            if (old != null && (oldValue = old.value) != null) {
                afterNodeAccess(old);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        V v = mappingFunction.apply(key);
        if (v == null) {
            return null;
        } else if (old != null) {
            old.value = v;
            afterNodeAccess(old);
            return v;
        } else if (t != null)
            t.putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, v);
        else {
            tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, v, first);
            if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1)
                treeifyBin(tab, hash);
        }
        ++modCount;
        ++size;
        afterNodeInsertion(true);
        return v;
    }

    public V computeIfPresent(K key,
                              BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
        if (remappingFunction == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        Node<K, V> e;
        V oldValue;
        int hash = hash(key);
        if ((e = getNode(hash, key)) != null &&
                (oldValue = e.value) != null) {
            V v = remappingFunction.apply(key, oldValue);
            if (v != null) {
                e.value = v;
                afterNodeAccess(e);
                return v;
            } else
                removeNode(hash, key, null, false, true);
        }
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public V compute(K key,
                     BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
        if (remappingFunction == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        int hash = hash(key);
        Node<K, V>[] tab;
        Node<K, V> first;
        int n, i;
        int binCount = 0;
        TreeNode<K, V> t = null;
        Node<K, V> old = null;
        if (size > threshold || (tab = table) == null ||
                (n = tab.length) == 0)
            n = (tab = resize()).length;
        if ((first = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
            if (first instanceof TreeNode)
                old = (t = (TreeNode<K, V>) first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
            else {
                Node<K, V> e = first;
                K k;
                do {
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                            ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
                        old = e;
                        break;
                    }
                    ++binCount;
                } while ((e = e.next) != null);
            }
        }
        V oldValue = (old == null) ? null : old.value;
        V v = remappingFunction.apply(key, oldValue);
        if (old != null) {
            if (v != null) {
                old.value = v;
                afterNodeAccess(old);
            } else
                removeNode(hash, key, null, false, true);
        } else if (v != null) {
            if (t != null)
                t.putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, v);
            else {
                tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, v, first);
                if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1)
                    treeifyBin(tab, hash);
            }
            ++modCount;
            ++size;
            afterNodeInsertion(true);
        }
        return v;
    }

    @Override
    public V merge(K key, V value,
                   BiFunction<? super V, ? super V, ? extends V> remappingFunction) {
        if (value == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (remappingFunction == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        int hash = hash(key);
        Node<K, V>[] tab;
        Node<K, V> first;
        int n, i;
        int binCount = 0;
        TreeNode<K, V> t = null;
        Node<K, V> old = null;
        if (size > threshold || (tab = table) == null ||
                (n = tab.length) == 0)
            n = (tab = resize()).length;
        if ((first = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
            if (first instanceof TreeNode)
                old = (t = (TreeNode<K, V>) first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
            else {
                Node<K, V> e = first;
                K k;
                do {
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                            ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
                        old = e;
                        break;
                    }
                    ++binCount;
                } while ((e = e.next) != null);
            }
        }
        if (old != null) {
            V v;
            if (old.value != null)
                v = remappingFunction.apply(old.value, value);
            else
                v = value;
            if (v != null) {
                old.value = v;
                afterNodeAccess(old);
            } else
                removeNode(hash, key, null, false, true);
            return v;
        }
        if (value != null) {
            if (t != null)
                t.putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
            else {
                tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, first);
                if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1)
                    treeifyBin(tab, hash);
            }
            ++modCount;
            ++size;
            afterNodeInsertion(true);
        }
        return value;
    }

    @Override
    public void forEach(BiConsumer<? super K, ? super V> action) {
        Node<K, V>[] tab;
        if (action == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (size > 0 && (tab = table) != null) {
            int mc = modCount;
            for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {
                for (Node<K, V> e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next)
                    action.accept(e.key, e.value);
            }
            if (modCount != mc)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K, ? super V, ? extends V> function) {
        Node<K, V>[] tab;
        if (function == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (size > 0 && (tab = table) != null) {
            int mc = modCount;
            for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {
                for (Node<K, V> e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
                    e.value = function.apply(e.key, e.value);
                }
            }
            if (modCount != mc)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
    }

    /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
//克隆和序列化

    /**
     * 返回此HashMap实例的浅拷贝:键和
     * 没有克隆值本身。
     *
     * @返回此地图的浅拷贝
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    public Object clone() {
        HashMap<K, V> result;
        try {
            result = (HashMap<K, V>) super.clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            // 这不应该发生,因为我们是可克隆的
            throw new InternalError(e);
        }
        result.reinitialize();
        result.putMapEntries(this, false);
        return result;
    }

    // 在序列化hashset时也使用这些方法
    final float loadFactor() {
        return loadFactor;
    }

    final int capacity() {
        return (table != null) ? table.length :
                (threshold > 0) ? threshold :
                        DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
    }

    /**
     * 将HashMap实例的状态保存到流中(即,
     * 序列化)。
     * <p>
     * 的长度
     * bucket数组)被发送(int),后面跟着
     * size (int,键值的数量)
     * 映射),然后是键(对象)和值(对象)
     * 用于每个键值映射。键值映射是
     * 无特定顺序发出。
     */
    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
            throws IOException {
        int buckets = capacity();
        // 写出阈值、loadfactor和任何隐藏的东西
        s.defaultWriteObject();
        s.writeInt(buckets);
        s.writeInt(size);
        internalWriteEntries(s);
    }

    /**
     * 从一个流(即,
     * 反序列化)。
     */
    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
            throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        // 读取阈值(忽略)、加载因子和任何隐藏内容
        s.defaultReadObject();
        reinitialize();
        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
            throw new InvalidObjectException("Illegal load factor: " +
                    loadFactor);
        s.readInt();                // 读取并忽略桶的数量
        int mappings = s.readInt(); // 读取映射数量(大小)
        if (mappings < 0)
            throw new InvalidObjectException("Illegal mappings count: " +
                    mappings);
        else if (mappings > 0) { // (if zero, use defaults)
            // 仅在内部使用给定的负载因子调整表的大小
            // range of 0.25...4.0
            float lf = Math.min(Math.max(0.25f, loadFactor), 4.0f);
            float fc = (float) mappings / lf + 1.0f;
            int cap = ((fc < DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY) ?
                    DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY :
                    (fc >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
                            MAXIMUM_CAPACITY :
                            tableSizeFor((int) fc));
            float ft = (float) cap * lf;
            threshold = ((cap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
                    (int) ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);

            //检查Map.Entry[].class,因为它是最近的公共类型
//我们正在创造的东西。
            SharedSecrets.getJavaOISAccess().checkArray(s, Map.Entry[].class, cap);
            @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked"})
            Node<K, V>[] tab = (Node<K, V>[]) new Node[cap];
            table = tab;

            //读取键和值,并将映射放到HashMap中
            for (int i = 0; i < mappings; i++) {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                K key = (K) s.readObject();
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                V value = (V) s.readObject();
                putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, false);
            }
        }
    }

    /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
    // iterators

    abstract class HashIterator {
        Node<K, V> next;        // next entry to return下一项返回
        Node<K, V> current;     // current entry当前条目
        int expectedModCount;  // for fast-fail
        int index;             // current slot 当前的位置

        HashIterator() {
            expectedModCount = modCount;
            Node<K, V>[] t = table;
            current = next = null;
            index = 0;
            if (t != null && size > 0) { // advance to first entry先入先出
                do {
                } while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null);
            }
        }

        public final boolean hasNext() {
            return next != null;
        }

        final Node<K, V> nextNode() {
            Node<K, V>[] t;
            Node<K, V> e = next;
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            if (e == null)
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            if ((next = (current = e).next) == null && (t = table) != null) {
                do {
                } while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null);
            }
            return e;
        }

        public final void remove() {
            Node<K, V> p = current;
            if (p == null)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            current = null;
            K key = p.key;
            removeNode(hash(key), key, null, false, false);
            expectedModCount = modCount;
        }
    }

    final class KeyIterator extends HashIterator
            implements Iterator<K> {
        public final K next() {
            return nextNode().key;
        }
    }

    final class ValueIterator extends HashIterator
            implements Iterator<V> {
        public final V next() {
            return nextNode().value;
        }
    }

    final class EntryIterator extends HashIterator
            implements Iterator<Map.Entry<K, V>> {
        public final Map.Entry<K, V> next() {
            return nextNode();
        }
    }

    /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
    // spliterators

    static class HashMapSpliterator<K, V> {
        final HashMap<K, V> map;
        Node<K, V> current;          // current node
        int index;                  // current index, modified on advance/split
        //当前索引,预先修改/分割
        int fence;                  // one past last index
        int est;                    // size estimate
        int expectedModCount;       // for comodification checks

        HashMapSpliterator(HashMap<K, V> m, int origin,
                           int fence, int est,
                           int expectedModCount) {
            this.map = m;
            this.index = origin;
            this.fence = fence;
            this.est = est;
            this.expectedModCount = expectedModCount;
        }

        final int getFence() { // 在第一次使用时初始化栅栏和大小
            int hi;
            if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
                HashMap<K, V> m = map;
                est = m.size;
                expectedModCount = m.modCount;
                Node<K, V>[] tab = m.table;
                hi = fence = (tab == null) ? 0 : tab.length;
            }
            return hi;
        }

        public final long estimateSize() {
            getFence(); // force init力初始化
            return (long) est;
        }
    }

    static final class KeySpliterator<K, V>
            extends HashMapSpliterator<K, V>
            implements Spliterator<K> {
        KeySpliterator(HashMap<K, V> m, int origin, int fence, int est,
                       int expectedModCount) {
            super(m, origin, fence, est, expectedModCount);
        }

        public KeySpliterator<K, V> trySplit() {
            int hi = getFence(), lo = index, mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
            return (lo >= mid || current != null) ? null :
                    new KeySpliterator<>(map, lo, index = mid, est >>>= 1,
                            expectedModCount);
        }

        public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super K> action) {
            int i, hi, mc;
            if (action == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            HashMap<K, V> m = map;
            Node<K, V>[] tab = m.table;
            if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
                mc = expectedModCount = m.modCount;
                hi = fence = (tab == null) ? 0 : tab.length;
            } else
                mc = expectedModCount;
            if (tab != null && tab.length >= hi &&
                    (i = index) >= 0 && (i < (index = hi) || current != null)) {
                Node<K, V> p = current;
                current = null;
                do {
                    if (p == null)
                        p = tab[i++];
                    else {
                        action.accept(p.key);
                        p = p.next;
                    }
                } while (p != null || i < hi);
                if (m.modCount != mc)
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }

        public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super K> action) {
            int hi;
            if (action == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            Node<K, V>[] tab = map.table;
            if (tab != null && tab.length >= (hi = getFence()) && index >= 0) {
                while (current != null || index < hi) {
                    if (current == null)
                        current = tab[index++];
                    else {
                        K k = current.key;
                        current = current.next;
                        action.accept(k);
                        if (map.modCount != expectedModCount)
                            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            return false;
        }

        public int characteristics() {
            return (fence < 0 || est == map.size ? Spliterator.SIZED : 0) |
                    Spliterator.DISTINCT;
        }
    }

    static final class ValueSpliterator<K, V>
            extends HashMapSpliterator<K, V>
            implements Spliterator<V> {
        ValueSpliterator(HashMap<K, V> m, int origin, int fence, int est,
                         int expectedModCount) {
            super(m, origin, fence, est, expectedModCount);
        }

        public ValueSpliterator<K, V> trySplit() {
            int hi = getFence(), lo = index, mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
            return (lo >= mid || current != null) ? null :
                    new ValueSpliterator<>(map, lo, index = mid, est >>>= 1,
                            expectedModCount);
        }

        public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super V> action) {
            int i, hi, mc;
            if (action == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            HashMap<K, V> m = map;
            Node<K, V>[] tab = m.table;
            if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
                mc = expectedModCount = m.modCount;
                hi = fence = (tab == null) ? 0 : tab.length;
            } else
                mc = expectedModCount;
            if (tab != null && tab.length >= hi &&
                    (i = index) >= 0 && (i < (index = hi) || current != null)) {
                Node<K, V> p = current;
                current = null;
                do {
                    if (p == null)
                        p = tab[i++];
                    else {
                        action.accept(p.value);
                        p = p.next;
                    }
                } while (p != null || i < hi);
                if (m.modCount != mc)
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }

        public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super V> action) {
            int hi;
            if (action == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            Node<K, V>[] tab = map.table;
            if (tab != null && tab.length >= (hi = getFence()) && index >= 0) {
                while (current != null || index < hi) {
                    if (current == null)
                        current = tab[index++];
                    else {
                        V v = current.value;
                        current = current.next;
                        action.accept(v);
                        if (map.modCount != expectedModCount)
                            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            return false;
        }

        public int characteristics() {
            return (fence < 0 || est == map.size ? Spliterator.SIZED : 0);
        }
    }

    static final class EntrySpliterator<K, V>
            extends HashMapSpliterator<K, V>
            implements Spliterator<Map.Entry<K, V>> {
        EntrySpliterator(HashMap<K, V> m, int origin, int fence, int est,
                         int expectedModCount) {
            super(m, origin, fence, est, expectedModCount);
        }

        public EntrySpliterator<K, V> trySplit() {
            int hi = getFence(), lo = index, mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
            return (lo >= mid || current != null) ? null :
                    new EntrySpliterator<>(map, lo, index = mid, est >>>= 1,
                            expectedModCount);
        }

        public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super Map.Entry<K, V>> action) {
            int i, hi, mc;
            if (action == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            HashMap<K, V> m = map;
            Node<K, V>[] tab = m.table;
            if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
                mc = expectedModCount = m.modCount;
                hi = fence = (tab == null) ? 0 : tab.length;
            } else
                mc = expectedModCount;
            if (tab != null && tab.length >= hi &&
                    (i = index) >= 0 && (i < (index = hi) || current != null)) {
                Node<K, V> p = current;
                current = null;
                do {
                    if (p == null)
                        p = tab[i++];
                    else {
                        action.accept(p);
                        p = p.next;
                    }
                } while (p != null || i < hi);
                if (m.modCount != mc)
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }

        public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super Map.Entry<K, V>> action) {
            int hi;
            if (action == null)
                throw new NullPointerException();
            Node<K, V>[] tab = map.table;
            if (tab != null && tab.length >= (hi = getFence()) && index >= 0) {
                while (current != null || index < hi) {
                    if (current == null)
                        current = tab[index++];
                    else {
                        Node<K, V> e = current;
                        current = current.next;
                        action.accept(e);
                        if (map.modCount != expectedModCount)
                            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            return false;
        }

        public int characteristics() {
            return (fence < 0 || est == map.size ? Spliterator.SIZED : 0) |
                    Spliterator.DISTINCT;
        }
    }

    /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
    // LinkedHashMap support


    /**
     * 下列包保护方法被设计为
     * 被LinkedHashMap覆盖,但不被任何其他子类覆盖。
     * 几乎所有其他内部方法都是包保护的
     * 但被声明为final,所以可以被LinkedHashMap, view使用
     * 类和HashSet。
     */

    // Create a regular (non-tree) node创建一个常规(非树)节点
    Node<K, V> newNode(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K, V> next) {
        return new Node<>(hash, key, value, next);
    }

    // For conversion from TreeNodes to plain nodes用于从树节点到普通节点的转换
    Node<K, V> replacementNode(Node<K, V> p, Node<K, V> next) {
        return new Node<>(p.hash, p.key, p.value, next);
    }

    // Create a tree bin node创建一个树bin节点
    TreeNode<K, V> newTreeNode(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K, V> next) {
        return new TreeNode<>(hash, key, value, next);
    }

    // For treeifyBin
    TreeNode<K, V> replacementTreeNode(Node<K, V> p, Node<K, V> next) {
        return new TreeNode<>(p.hash, p.key, p.value, next);
    }

    /**
     * 重置为初始默认状态。通过克隆和readObject调用。
     * Reset to initial default state.  Called by clone and readObject.
     */
    void reinitialize() {
        table = null;
        entrySet = null;
        keySet = null;
        values = null;
        modCount = 0;
        threshold = 0;
        size = 0;
    }

    // Callbacks to allow LinkedHashMap post-actions允许LinkedHashMap后动作的回调
    void afterNodeAccess(Node<K, V> p) {
    }

    void afterNodeInsertion(boolean evict) {
    }

    void afterNodeRemoval(Node<K, V> p) {
    }

    //仅从writeObject调用,以确保兼容顺序。
    void internalWriteEntries(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s) throws IOException {
        Node<K, V>[] tab;
        if (size > 0 && (tab = table) != null) {
            for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {
                for (Node<K, V> e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
                    s.writeObject(e.key);
                    s.writeObject(e.value);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
    // Tree bins

    /**
     * 进入树箱。LinkedHashMap延伸。入口(依次
     * 扩展节点)所以可以作为扩展的常规或
     * 链接节点。
     */
    static final class TreeNode<K, V> extends LinkedHashMap.Entry<K, V> {
        TreeNode<K, V> parent;  // red-black tree links
        TreeNode<K, V> left;
        TreeNode<K, V> right;
        TreeNode<K, V> prev;    // needed to unlink next upon deletion需要取消链接后删除
        boolean red;

        TreeNode(int hash, K key, V val, Node<K, V> next) {
            super(hash, key, val, next);
        }

        /**
         * Returns root of tree containing this node.返回包含此节点的树的根。
         */
        final TreeNode<K, V> root() {
            for (TreeNode<K, V> r = this, p; ; ) {
                if ((p = r.parent) == null)
                    return r;
                r = p;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Ensures that the given root is the first node of its bin.
         * 确保给定根是其bin的第一个节点。
         */
        static <K, V> void moveRootToFront(Node<K, V>[] tab, TreeNode<K, V> root) {
            int n;
            if (root != null && tab != null && (n = tab.length) > 0) {
                int index = (n - 1) & root.hash;
                TreeNode<K, V> first = (TreeNode<K, V>) tab[index];
                if (root != first) {
                    Node<K, V> rn;
                    tab[index] = root;
                    TreeNode<K, V> rp = root.prev;
                    if ((rn = root.next) != null)
                        ((TreeNode<K, V>) rn).prev = rp;
                    if (rp != null)
                        rp.next = rn;
                    if (first != null)
                        first.prev = root;
                    root.next = first;
                    root.prev = null;
                }
                assert checkInvariants(root);
            }
        }

        /**
         * 使用给定的散列和键查找从根p开始的节点。
         * kc参数在第一次使用时缓存comparableClassFor(key)
         * 比较键。
         * /
         * final TreeNode<K,V> find(int h, Object k, Class<?> kc) {
         * TreeNode<K,V> p = this;
         * do {
         * int ph, dir; K pk;
         * TreeNode<K,V> pl = p.left, pr = p.right, q;
         * if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
         * p = pl;
         * else if (ph < h)
         * p = pr;
         * else if ((pk = p.key) == k || (k != null && k.equals(pk)))
         * return p;
         * else if (pl == null)
         * p = pr;
         * else if (pr == null)
         * p = pl;
         * else if ((kc != null ||
         * (kc = comparableClassFor(k)) != null) &&
         * (dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) != 0)
         * p = (dir < 0) ? pl : pr;
         * else if ((q = pr.find(h, k, kc)) != null)
         * return q;
         * else
         * p = pl;
         * } while (p != null);
         * return null;
         * }
         * <p>
         * /**
         * Calls find for root node.调用查找根节点。
         */
        final TreeNode<K, V> getTreeNode(int h, Object k) {
            return ((parent != null) ? root() : this).find(h, k, null);
        }

//      /
//              *领带打破实用程序订购插入时,平等
//* hashCodes和non-comparable。我们不需要总数
//*顺序,只是一个一致的插入规则来维护
//*重新平衡的等价性。打破僵局的超过
//        必要的简化测试。
//                * /

        static int tieBreakOrder(Object a, Object b) {
            int d;
            if (a == null || b == null ||
                    (d = a.getClass().getName().
                            compareTo(b.getClass().getName())) == 0)
                d = (System.identityHashCode(a) <= System.identityHashCode(b) ?
                        -1 : 1);
            return d;
        }

        /**
         * 构成从该节点链接的节点的树。
         *
         * @返回树的根
         */
        final void treeify(Node<K, V>[] tab) {
            TreeNode<K, V> root = null;
            for (TreeNode<K, V> x = this, next; x != null; x = next) {
                next = (TreeNode<K, V>) x.next;
                x.left = x.right = null;
                if (root == null) {
                    x.parent = null;
                    x.red = false;
                    root = x;
                } else {
                    K k = x.key;
                    int h = x.hash;
                    Class<?> kc = null;
                    for (TreeNode<K, V> p = root; ; ) {
                        int dir, ph;
                        K pk = p.key;
                        if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
                            dir = -1;
                        else if (ph < h)
                            dir = 1;
                        else if ((kc == null &&
                                (kc = comparableClassFor(k)) == null) ||
                                (dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) == 0)
                            dir = tieBreakOrder(k, pk);

                        TreeNode<K, V> xp = p;
                        if ((p = (dir <= 0) ? p.left : p.right) == null) {
                            x.parent = xp;
                            if (dir <= 0)
                                xp.left = x;
                            else
                                xp.right = x;
                            root = balanceInsertion(root, x);
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            moveRootToFront(tab, root);
        }

        /**
         * 返回非树节点的列表,以替换链接自的树节点
         * 此节点。
         */
        final Node<K, V> untreeify(HashMap<K, V> map) {
            Node<K, V> hd = null, tl = null;
            for (Node<K, V> q = this; q != null; q = q.next) {
                Node<K, V> p = map.replacementNode(q, null);
                if (tl == null)
                    hd = p;
                else
                    tl.next = p;
                tl = p;
            }
            return hd;
        }

        /**
         * Tree version of putVal.
         */
        final TreeNode<K, V> putTreeVal(HashMap<K, V> map, Node<K, V>[] tab,
                                        int h, K k, V v) {
            Class<?> kc = null;
            boolean searched = false;
            TreeNode<K, V> root = (parent != null) ? root() : this;
            for (TreeNode<K, V> p = root; ; ) {
                int dir, ph;
                K pk;
                if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
                    dir = -1;
                else if (ph < h)
                    dir = 1;
                else if ((pk = p.key) == k || (k != null && k.equals(pk)))
                    return p;
                else if ((kc == null &&
                        (kc = comparableClassFor(k)) == null) ||
                        (dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) == 0) {
                    if (!searched) {
                        TreeNode<K, V> q, ch;
                        searched = true;
                        if (((ch = p.left) != null &&
                                (q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null) ||
                                ((ch = p.right) != null &&
                                        (q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null))
                            return q;
                    }
                    dir = tieBreakOrder(k, pk);
                }

                TreeNode<K, V> xp = p;
                if ((p = (dir <= 0) ? p.left : p.right) == null) {
                    Node<K, V> xpn = xp.next;
                    TreeNode<K, V> x = map.newTreeNode(h, k, v, xpn);
                    if (dir <= 0)
                        xp.left = x;
                    else
                        xp.right = x;
                    xp.next = x;
                    x.parent = x.prev = xp;
                    if (xpn != null)
                        ((TreeNode<K, V>) xpn).prev = x;
                    moveRootToFront(tab, balanceInsertion(root, x));
                    return null;
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * 删除给定的节点,必须在此调用之前到场。
         * 这比典型的红黑删除代码更混乱
         * 不能用叶交换内部节点的内容
         * 被“下一个”指针固定的继任者
         * 在遍历期间独立。所以我们交换树
         * 联系。如果当前树的节点太少,
         * 箱子被转换回普通的箱子。(测试触发器
         * 在2到6个节点之间,取决于树结构。
         */
        final void removeTreeNode(HashMap<K, V> map, Node<K, V>[] tab,
                                  boolean movable) {
            int n;
            if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
                return;
            int index = (n - 1) & hash;
            TreeNode<K, V> first = (TreeNode<K, V>) tab[index], root = first, rl;
            TreeNode<K, V> succ = (TreeNode<K, V>) next, pred = prev;
            if (pred == null)
                tab[index] = first = succ;
            else
                pred.next = succ;
            if (succ != null)
                succ.prev = pred;
            if (first == null)
                return;
            if (root.parent != null)
                root = root.root();
            if (root == null || root.right == null ||
                    (rl = root.left) == null || rl.left == null) {
                tab[index] = first.untreeify(map);  // too small
                return;
            }
            TreeNode<K, V> p = this, pl = left, pr = right, replacement;
            if (pl != null && pr != null) {
                TreeNode<K, V> s = pr, sl;
                while ((sl = s.left) != null) // find successor
                    s = sl;
                boolean c = s.red;
                s.red = p.red;
                p.red = c; // swap colors
                TreeNode<K, V> sr = s.right;
                TreeNode<K, V> pp = p.parent;
                if (s == pr) { // p was s's direct parent
                    p.parent = s;
                    s.right = p;
                } else {
                    TreeNode<K, V> sp = s.parent;
                    if ((p.parent = sp) != null) {
                        if (s == sp.left)
                            sp.left = p;
                        else
                            sp.right = p;
                    }
                    if ((s.right = pr) != null)
                        pr.parent = s;
                }
                p.left = null;
                if ((p.right = sr) != null)
                    sr.parent = p;
                if ((s.left = pl) != null)
                    pl.parent = s;
                if ((s.parent = pp) == null)
                    root = s;
                else if (p == pp.left)
                    pp.left = s;
                else
                    pp.right = s;
                if (sr != null)
                    replacement = sr;
                else
                    replacement = p;
            } else if (pl != null)
                replacement = pl;
            else if (pr != null)
                replacement = pr;
            else
                replacement = p;
            if (replacement != p) {
                TreeNode<K, V> pp = replacement.parent = p.parent;
                if (pp == null)
                    root = replacement;
                else if (p == pp.left)
                    pp.left = replacement;
                else
                    pp.right = replacement;
                p.left = p.right = p.parent = null;
            }

            TreeNode<K, V> r = p.red ? root : balanceDeletion(root, replacement);

            if (replacement == p) {  // detach
                TreeNode<K, V> pp = p.parent;
                p.parent = null;
                if (pp != null) {
                    if (p == pp.left)
                        pp.left = null;
                    else if (p == pp.right)
                        pp.right = null;
                }
            }
            if (movable)
                moveRootToFront(tab, r);
        }

        /**
         * 将树状容器中的节点分成上下树状容器,
         * 如果现在太小,就不需要。仅从resize调用;
         * 参见上面关于分割位和索引的讨论。
         *
         * @param映射地图
         * @param标签记录箱子头的表格
         * @param索引被分割的表的索引
         * @param是用来分割的散列
         */
        final void split(HashMap<K, V> map, Node<K, V>[] tab, int index, int bit) {
            TreeNode<K, V> b = this;
            // Relink into lo and hi lists, preserving order
            TreeNode<K, V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
            TreeNode<K, V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
            int lc = 0, hc = 0;
            for (TreeNode<K, V> e = b, next; e != null; e = next) {
                next = (TreeNode<K, V>) e.next;
                e.next = null;
                if ((e.hash & bit) == 0) {
                    if ((e.prev = loTail) == null)
                        loHead = e;
                    else
                        loTail.next = e;
                    loTail = e;
                    ++lc;
                } else {
                    if ((e.prev = hiTail) == null)
                        hiHead = e;
                    else
                        hiTail.next = e;
                    hiTail = e;
                    ++hc;
                }
            }

            if (loHead != null) {
                if (lc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
                    tab[index] = loHead.untreeify(map);
                else {
                    tab[index] = loHead;
                    if (hiHead != null) // (else is already treeified)
                        loHead.treeify(tab);
                }
            }
            if (hiHead != null) {
                if (hc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
                    tab[index + bit] = hiHead.untreeify(map);
                else {
                    tab[index + bit] = hiHead;
                    if (loHead != null)
                        hiHead.treeify(tab);
                }
            }
        }

        /* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
        // Red-black tree methods, all adapted from CLR

        static <K, V> TreeNode<K, V> rotateLeft(TreeNode<K, V> root,
                                                TreeNode<K, V> p) {
            TreeNode<K, V> r, pp, rl;
            if (p != null && (r = p.right) != null) {
                if ((rl = p.right = r.left) != null)
                    rl.parent = p;
                if ((pp = r.parent = p.parent) == null)
                    (root = r).red = false;
                else if (pp.left == p)
                    pp.left = r;
                else
                    pp.right = r;
                r.left = p;
                p.parent = r;
            }
            return root;
        }

        static <K, V> TreeNode<K, V> rotateRight(TreeNode<K, V> root,
                                                 TreeNode<K, V> p) {
            TreeNode<K, V> l, pp, lr;
            if (p != null && (l = p.left) != null) {
                if ((lr = p.left = l.right) != null)
                    lr.parent = p;
                if ((pp = l.parent = p.parent) == null)
                    (root = l).red = false;
                else if (pp.right == p)
                    pp.right = l;
                else
                    pp.left = l;
                l.right = p;
                p.parent = l;
            }
            return root;
        }

        static <K, V> TreeNode<K, V> balanceInsertion(TreeNode<K, V> root,
                                                      TreeNode<K, V> x) {
            x.red = true;
            for (TreeNode<K, V> xp, xpp, xppl, xppr; ; ) {
                if ((xp = x.parent) == null) {
                    x.red = false;
                    return x;
                } else if (!xp.red || (xpp = xp.parent) == null)
                    return root;
                if (xp == (xppl = xpp.left)) {
                    if ((xppr = xpp.right) != null && xppr.red) {
                        xppr.red = false;
                        xp.red = false;
                        xpp.red = true;
                        x = xpp;
                    } else {
                        if (x == xp.right) {
                            root = rotateLeft(root, x = xp);
                            xpp = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.parent;
                        }
                        if (xp != null) {
                            xp.red = false;
                            if (xpp != null) {
                                xpp.red = true;
                                root = rotateRight(root, xpp);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    if (xppl != null && xppl.red) {
                        xppl.red = false;
                        xp.red = false;
                        xpp.red = true;
                        x = xpp;
                    } else {
                        if (x == xp.left) {
                            root = rotateRight(root, x = xp);
                            xpp = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.parent;
                        }
                        if (xp != null) {
                            xp.red = false;
                            if (xpp != null) {
                                xpp.red = true;
                                root = rotateLeft(root, xpp);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        static <K, V> TreeNode<K, V> balanceDeletion(TreeNode<K, V> root,
                                                     TreeNode<K, V> x) {
            for (TreeNode<K, V> xp, xpl, xpr; ; ) {
                if (x == null || x == root)
                    return root;
                else if ((xp = x.parent) == null) {
                    x.red = false;
                    return x;
                } else if (x.red) {
                    x.red = false;
                    return root;
                } else if ((xpl = xp.left) == x) {
                    if ((xpr = xp.right) != null && xpr.red) {
                        xpr.red = false;
                        xp.red = true;
                        root = rotateLeft(root, xp);
                        xpr = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.right;
                    }
                    if (xpr == null)
                        x = xp;
                    else {
                        TreeNode<K, V> sl = xpr.left, sr = xpr.right;
                        if ((sr == null || !sr.red) &&
                                (sl == null || !sl.red)) {
                            xpr.red = true;
                            x = xp;
                        } else {
                            if (sr == null || !sr.red) {
                                if (sl != null)
                                    sl.red = false;
                                xpr.red = true;
                                root = rotateRight(root, xpr);
                                xpr = (xp = x.parent) == null ?
                                        null : xp.right;
                            }
                            if (xpr != null) {
                                xpr.red = (xp == null) ? false : xp.red;
                                if ((sr = xpr.right) != null)
                                    sr.red = false;
                            }
                            if (xp != null) {
                                xp.red = false;
                                root = rotateLeft(root, xp);
                            }
                            x = root;
                        }
                    }
                } else { // symmetric
                    if (xpl != null && xpl.red) {
                        xpl.red = false;
                        xp.red = true;
                        root = rotateRight(root, xp);
                        xpl = (xp = x.parent) == null ? null : xp.left;
                    }
                    if (xpl == null)
                        x = xp;
                    else {
                        TreeNode<K, V> sl = xpl.left, sr = xpl.right;
                        if ((sl == null || !sl.red) &&
                                (sr == null || !sr.red)) {
                            xpl.red = true;
                            x = xp;
                        } else {
                            if (sl == null || !sl.red) {
                                if (sr != null)
                                    sr.red = false;
                                xpl.red = true;
                                root = rotateLeft(root, xpl);
                                xpl = (xp = x.parent) == null ?
                                        null : xp.left;
                            }
                            if (xpl != null) {
                                xpl.red = (xp == null) ? false : xp.red;
                                if ((sl = xpl.left) != null)
                                    sl.red = false;
                            }
                            if (xp != null) {
                                xp.red = false;
                                root = rotateRight(root, xp);
                            }
                            x = root;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Recursive invariant check递归不变量检查
         */
        static <K, V> boolean checkInvariants(TreeNode<K, V> t) {
            TreeNode<K, V> tp = t.parent, tl = t.left, tr = t.right,
                    tb = t.prev, tn = (TreeNode<K, V>) t.next;
            if (tb != null && tb.next != t)
                return false;
            if (tn != null && tn.prev != t)
                return false;
            if (tp != null && t != tp.left && t != tp.right)
                return false;
            if (tl != null && (tl.parent != t || tl.hash > t.hash))
                return false;
            if (tr != null && (tr.parent != t || tr.hash < t.hash))
                return false;
            if (t.red && tl != null && tl.red && tr != null && tr.red)
                return false;
            if (tl != null && !checkInvariants(tl))
                return false;
            if (tr != null && !checkInvariants(tr))
                return false;
            return true;
        }
    }

}

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