《Python编程从入门到实践》第一部分 基础知识
目录
一、变量和简单数据类型
1.输出
print("hello world")
message = "hello world"
print(message)
2.字符串
"hello world"
'hello world'
"hello ‘world’"
大小写
message = "hello world"
print(message.title()) # Hello World
print(message.upper()) # HELLO WORLD
print(message.lower()) # hello world
合并字符串
firstname = "ada"
lastname = "lovelace"
fullname = firstname + " " +lastname
print(fullname.title()) # Ada Lovelace
使用制表符或者换行符添加空白：\t\n
删除空白
尾部 .rstrip()
头部 .lstrip()
两端 .strip()
3.数字
直接:+-*/
乘方:** 3**2 9
小数:2*0.1 0.2 但是包含的小数位不确定 0.2+0.1 = 0.300000000004
str()避免类型错误
age = 23
message = "Happy " + str(age) +"rd Birthday!"
二、列表
1.增删改
访问
bicycles = ['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized']
print(bicycles) #['trek', 'cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized']
print(bicycles[0]) #trek
print(bicycles[-1]) #specialized
修改
bicycles[0] = 'moto'
print(bicycles[0])#moto
print(bicycles)#['moto', 'cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized']
插入
bicycles.append('homdo')
print(bicycles)#['moto', 'cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized', 'homdo']
bicycles.insert(0,'ducaati')
print(bicycles)#['ducaati', 'moto', 'cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized', 'homdo']
删除
del bicycles[0]
print(bicycles) #['moto', 'cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized', 'homdo']
popped_bicycle = bicycles.pop()
print(bicycles) #['moto', 'cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized']
print(popped_bicycle) #homdo
popped_bicycle = bicycles.pop(0)
print(bicycles) #['cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized']
print(popped_bicycle) #moto
#根据值删元素
bicycles.remove('redline')
print(bicycles)#['cannondale','specialized']
2.组织列表
永久排序
cars = ['bmw','audi','toyota','sub']
#按字母顺序排序
cars.sort()
print(cars)#['audi', 'bmw', 'sub', 'toyota']
#按字母顺序相反排序
cars.sort(reverse=True)
print(cars)#['toyota', 'sub', 'bmw', 'audi']
临时排序
cars = ['bmw','audi','toyota','sub']
print(sorted(cars))#['audi', 'bmw', 'sub', 'toyota']
#倒着打印列表
cars.reverse()#永久性
print(cars)#['sub', 'toyota', 'audi', 'bmw']
#确定列表长度
print(len(cars))
3.操作列表
1.遍历整个列表
cars = ['bmw','audi','toyota','sub']
for car in cars: #list_of_items item
print(car)
2.创建数值列表
#遍历
for value in range(1,5):#到达5时停止
print(value) #1 2 3 4
#使用range()创建数字列表
numbers = list(range(1,6))
print(numbers)#[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
#使用range()指定步长
even_numbers = list(range(2,11,2))
print(even_numbers)#[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
3.对数字列表进行简单统计
digits = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]
print(min(digits))#0
print(max(digits))#9
print(sum(digits))#45
4.列表解析（只需编写一行代码就能生成这样的列表）
squares = [value**2 for value in range(1,11)]
print(squares) #[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
5.切片（处理列表部分元素)
cars = ['bmw','audi','toyota','sub','auv']
#切片
print(cars[0:3]) #['bmw', 'audi', 'toyota']
print(cars[1:4]) #['audi', 'toyota', 'sub']
print(cars[:4]) #['bmw', 'audi', 'toyota', 'sub']
print(cars[2:]) #['toyota', 'sub', 'auv']
print(cars[-3:]) #['toyota', 'sub', 'auv']
#遍历切片
for car in cars[:3]:
print(car)
#复制列表
my_cars = cars[:]
print(my_cars) #['bmw', 'audi', 'toyota', 'sub', 'auv']
6.元组（不可变的列表）
dimensions = (200,50)
print(dimensions[0]) #200
print(dimensions[1]) #50
for dimension in dimensions:
print(dimension) #200 50
#修改元组变量——只能重新定义整个元组
dimensions = (400,100)
for dimension in dimensions:
print(dimension) #400 100
三、字典
1.访问修改
alien = {'color':'red','points':5}
#访问字典中的值
print(alien['color']) #red
#添加键-值对
alien['x_pos'] = 0
alien['y_pos'] = 25
print(alien)#{'color': 'green', 'points': 5, 'x_pos': 0, 'y_pos': 25}
#修改键值对的值
alien['color'] = 'green'
#删除键值对
del alien['points']
print(alien)#{'color': 'green', 'x_pos': 0, 'y_pos': 25}
#类似对象组成的字典
favorite_languages = {
'jen':'python',
'sarah':'c',
'edward':'ruby',
'phil':'python',
}
print(favorite_languages)#{'jen': 'python', 'sarah': 'c', 'edward': 'ruby'}
2.遍历
#遍历键值对
for k,v in favorite_languages.items():
print("\nkey:"+ k)
print("value:"+v)
#遍历字典中所有键
for key in favorite_languages.keys():
print(key.title())
#按顺序遍历字典中的所有键
for key in sorted(favorite_languages.keys()):
print(key.title())
#遍历字典中的所有值
for language in favorite_languages.values():
print(language.title())
#集合—剔除重复项
for language in set(favorite_languages.values()):
print(language.title())
3.遍历字典列表
alien_0 = {'color':'red','points':5}
alien_1 = {'color':'yellow','points':10}
alien_2 = {'color':'green','points':15}
aliens = [alien_0,alien_1,alien_2]
for alien in aliens:
print(alien)
"""
{'color': 'red', 'points': 5}
{'color': 'yellow', 'points': 10}
{'color': 'green', 'points': 15}
"""
aliens = []
#创建30个外星人
for alien_number in range(0,30):
new_alien = {'color':'red','points':5}
aliens.append(new_alien)
#修改前三个外星人
for alien in aliens[0:3]:
if alien['color'] == 'red':
alien['color'] = 'green'
alien['points'] = 10
#显示前五个外星人
for alien in aliens[0:5]:
print(alien)
4.在字典中存储列表
favorite_languages = {
'jen':['python','ruby'],
'sarah':['c'],
'edward':['ruby','go'],
'phil':['python','haskell'],
}
for name,languages in favorite_languages.items():
print("\n"+ name.title())
for language in languages:
print("\t" + language.title())
5.在字典中存储字典
users = {
'amy':{
'first':'albert',
'last':'einstein',
},
'bob':{
'first':'marie',
'last':'curie',
},
}
for username,user_info in users.items():
print("\n"+username)
print(user_info['first']+" "+user_info['last'])
四、if语句、用户输入和while循环
1.if语句（and or in not in > >= < <= ==)
cars = ['bmw','audi','toyota','sub']
for car in cars:
if car.lower() == 'bmw': #判断相等时候区分大小写
print(car.upper())
elif car == 'SUB':
print(car.lowwer())
else:
print(car.title())
2.input()输入
age = input("how old are you? ")
age = int(age)
if age <= 18:
print("You look lovely")
3.while 循环（可用break continue）
prompt = "\nenter 'quit to end the program."
active = True
while active:
message = input(prompt)
if message == 'quit':
active = False
else:
print(message)
五、函数
1.定义函数 def
#函数
def my_pet(pet,name):
print("\nI have a " + pet + "," + name + ".")
my_pet('dog','Bob')
#关键字实参
def my_pet(pet,name):
print("\nI have a " + pet + "," + name + ".")
my_pet(pet='dog',name='Bob')
#默认值
def my_pet(name,pet='dog'):
print("\nI have a " + pet + "," + name + ".")
my_pet(name='Bob')
#让实参变成可选的
def get_name(first_name,last_name,middle_name=''):
if middle_name:
full_name = first_name + ' ' +middle_name + ' ' + last_name
else:
full_name = first_name + ' ' + last_name
return full_name.title()
name = get_name('bob','lee')
print(name)
#返回字典
def build_person(first_name,last_name,age=''):
person = {'first':first_name,'last':last_name}
if age:
person['age'] = age
return person
message = build_person('amy','Davil',age=27)
print(message)
#传递列表
def greet_users(names):
for name in names:
print("hello,"+name)
usernames = ['Amy','Bob','Smith']
greet_users(usernames)
unprinted_designs = ['iphone','robot','pendant']
completed_modles = []
def print_models(unprinted_designs,completed_modles):
while unprinted_designs:
current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
print(current_design)
completed_modles.append(current_design)
def show_completed_models(completed_models):
for completed_modle in completed_modles:
print(completed_modle)
print_models(unprinted_designs,completed_modles)
show_completed_models(completed_models)
#禁止函数修改列表 将列表副本传给函数 切片表示法[:]创建列表副本
print_models(unprinted_designs[:],completed_modles)
#传递任意数量的实参
def make_pizza(*toppings):
print(toppings)
make_pizza('pepperoni')
make_pizza('mushrooms','pepperoni','green peppers')
#*toppings中的*让python创建一个名为toppings的空元组，并将收到的所有值都封装在这个元组中
#使用任意数量的关键字实参 将函数编写成能接受任意数量的键值对
def build_person(first,last,**user_info):
profile = {}
profile['first_name'] = first
profile['last_name'] = last
for key,value in user_info.items():
profile[key] = value
return profile
user_profile = build_person('amy','Davil',loc='China',field='physics')
print(user_profile)
2.将函数储存在模块中
#导入整个模块
#pizza.py
def make_pizza(size,*toppings):
print("Making a "+str(size)+" pizza")
for topping in toppings:
print("-"+topping)
#making_pizzas,py
import pizza
make_pizza(16,'pepperoni')
make_pizza(13,'mushrooms','pepperoni','green peppers')
#2.导入特定的函数
from module_name import function_0,function_1,function_2
#3.使用as给函数指定别名
from module_name import function_name as fn
#4.使用as给模块指定别名
import module_name as mn
#5.导入模块中的所有函数
from module_name import *
规则:
1.字母小写 + _
2.指定默认值时，函数调用中的关键字实参 等号两边不要空格
3.函数名长 在（后按两下Tab 与函数体区分开
六、类
1.创建使用类
class Dog():
def __init__(self,name,age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.size = 0 #给属性默认值
def sit(self):
print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting.")
def roll_over(self):
print(self.name.title() + " rolled over.")
def update_age(self,new_age):
self.age = new_age
def print_age(self):
print(self.name.title() + " " + str(self.age))
#根据类创建实例
my_dog = Dog('whille',6)
#访问属性
my_dog.name
#调用方法
my_dog.sit()
#修改属性的值
#直接修改属性的值
my_dog.age = 2
my_dog.print_age()
#使用方法修改属性的值
my_dog.update_age(4)
my_dog.print_age()
2.继承（获得另一个类的所有属性和方法）
class Animal():#父类必须在当前文件中 位于子类前面
def __init__(self,kind,name):
self.kind = kind
self.name = name
def sit(self):
print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting.")
def roll_over(self):
print(self.name.title() + " rolled over.")
class Animal_info():#将实例用作属性
def __init__(self,information='China'):
self.information = information
def print_info(self):
print("come from "+ self.information)
class Dog(Animal):
def __init__(self,kind,name):
super().__init__(kind,name)
self.age = 1 #给子类定义属性
self.info = Animal_info() #将实例用作属性
def sit(self): #重写父类方法
print(self.name.title() + " wangwangwang.")
def update_age(self,new_age):
self.age = new_age
def print_age(self):
print(self.name.title() + " " + str(self.age))
my_dog = Dog('Dog','whille')
print(my_dog.name)
my_dog.print_age()
my_dog.sit()
3.导入类
#导入类
#car.py
class Car():
--snip--
class Battery():
--snip--
#my_car.py
import car #导入整个模块
from car import Car,Battery#导入模块中的部分类
from moudle_name import * #导入模块中的所有类
类命名—驼峰命名法（每个单词首字母大写，不使用下划线）
实例名和模块名——小写，加下划线
七、文件和异常
1.从文件中读取数据
1.1.读取整个文件
pi_digits.txt
3.1415926535
8979323846
2643383279
#file_reader.py
with open('pi_digit.txt') as file_object:
contents = file_object.read()
print(contents.rstrip())
#with可使Python妥善的打开关闭文件
.rstrip()可删除字符串末尾的空白 read()到达末尾时返回一个空字符串，而将这个空字符串显示出来的时候就是一个空行
1.2文件路径
#相对路径
with open('text_files\filename.txt') as file_object:
#绝对路径
file_path = 'C:\users\ehmatthes\other_files\text_files\filename.txt'
with open(file_path) as file_object:
#Linux OS X中用/
1.3逐行读取
#file_reader.py
filename = 'pi_digit.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
for line in file_object:
print(line.rstrip())
1.4创建一个包含文件各行内容的列表
filename = 'pi_digit.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
lines = file_object.readlines()
for line in lines:
print(line.rstrip())
1.5使用文件的内容
filename = 'pi_digit.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
lines = file_object.readlines()
pi_string = ''
for line in lines:
pi_string += line.rstrip()
2.写入文件
filename = 'programming.txt'
with open(filename,'w') as file_object:
file_object.write("I love programming.\n")
file_object.write("I love programming.\n")
‘w’写入模式 指定文件若已经存在 Python将在返回文件对象前清空该文件
'r’读取模式
'a’附加模式 添加到文件尾部 若不存在该文件则会新建一个空文件
'r+'读取加写入
python只能将字符串写入到文本文件，数值需要str()转为字符串
3.异常
3.1.使用try-except try-except-else
try:
a=5/0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You can't divide by zero!")
else:
print(a)
3.2处理FileNotFoundError异常
filename = 'alice.txt'
try:
with open(filename) as f_obj:
contents = f_obj.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
print("You can't find!")
else:
words = contents.split()#以空格为分隔符将字符串拆分为多个部分
num_words = len(words)
pass失败时什么都不做继续执行
try:
--snip--
except FileNotFoundError:
pass
4.存储数据
使用json.dump()和json.load()
json.dump(要存储的数据，以及可用于存储数据的文件对象)
number_writer.py
import json
number = [2,3,5,7,11,13]
filename = 'number.json'
with open(filename,'w') as f_obj:
json.dump(number,f_obj)
number_reader.py
import json
filename = 'number.json'
with open(filename) as f_obj:
numbers = json.load(f_obj)
print(numbers)
八、测试代码
1.测试函数
1.单元测试和测试用例
python标准库中的模块unittest提供了代码测试工具。
单元测试：用于核实函数的某个方面没有问题
测试用例：一组单元测试，一起在各个情况下的行为都符合要求
全覆盖式测试：一整套单元测试
2.可通过的测试
#测试name_function.py模块的get_formatted_name()
import unittest
from name_function import get_formatted_name
class NamesTextCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_first_last_name(self):
formatted_name = get_formatted_name('amy','Joyn')
self.assertEqual(formatted_name,'Amy Joyn')
def test_first_last_middle_name(self):
formatted_name = get_formatted_name('amy','joyn','mozart')
self.assertEqual(formatted_name,'Amy Joyn Mozart')
unittest.main()
测试类必须继承unittest.TestCase的类，所有以test_打头的方法都将自动进行
self.assertEqual()函数进行比较
2.测试类
1.各种断言方法
| 方法 | 核实 |
|---|---|
| assertEqual(a,b) | a==b |
| assertNotEqual(a,b) | a!=b |
| assertTrue(x) | x为True |
| assertFalse(x) | x为False |
| assertIn(item,list) | item在list中 |
| assertNotIn(item,list) | item不在list中 |
待测试类
survey.py
class AnonySurvey():
def __init__(self,question):
self.question = question
self.responses = []
def show_question(self):
print(self.question)
def store_response(self,new_response):
self.responses.append(new_response)
测试AnonySurvey()类
import unittest
from survey import AnonySurvey
class TestAnonySurvey(unitteat.TeatCase):
def test_store_single_response(self):
question = "what language didi you speak?"
my_survey = AnonySurvey(question)
my_survey.store_response('English')
self.assertIn('English',my_survey.responses)
unittest.main()
import unittest
from survey import AnonySurvey
class TestAnonySurvey(unitteat.TeatCase):
def setUp(self):#可创建一系列实例并设置他们的属性，再在测试方法中直接使用
question = "what language didi you speak?"
my_survey = AnonySurvey(question) #创建调查对象
self.responses = ['English','Spanish','Chinese'] #创建答案列表
def test_store_single_response(self):
self.my_survey.store_response(self.responses[0])
self.assertIn(self.responses[0],self.my_survey.responses)
def test_store_three_response(self):
--snip--
unittest.main()
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