【mcs-51】8051的非官方历史

The unofficial history of 8051. 8051的非官方历史。

by Jan Waclawek (wek at efton.sk)
作者：Jan Waclawek（来源：efton.sk）
翻译：FanhuaZeng（Modjor.Co., Ltd. Historical Research Group）

Preface 未见其术

In 2005, the 8051 microcontroller celebrated it’s 25th anniversary. I thought Intel will grab on the opportunity and perhaps add an item to their “museum” site, or remember in other way - but they did not. When I asked for some historical recollections on those days, I received a copy of a 8051 datasheet, dated 1980 and marked “preliminary”. Well, I expected something else - but thanks for that, too.
2005年，8051微控制器迎来了其25周年纪念。我原以为英特尔会抓住这个机会，也许会在他们的“博物馆”网站上添加一个项目，或者以其他方式记住——但他们没有。当我询问那些日子的一些历史回忆时，我收到了一份8051数据表的副本，日期为1980年，标记为“初步”。好吧，我本来还指望别的，但谢谢。

But, also in 2005, Intel notified they discontinue all automotive versions of their microcontrollers, including 8051. Car engine control units were once perhaps the most prominent application for 8051s. This means only one thing, Intel gives up the microcontrollers for good. This is confirmed by product change notification published in early 2006, announcing that Intel drops its whole microcontroller business.
但是，同样在2005年，英特尔通知他们停止生产所有汽车版本的微控制器，包括8051。汽车发动机控制单元曾经可能是8051最突出的应用。这意味着只有一件事，英特尔永远放弃了微控制器。2006年初发布的产品变更通知证实了这一点，该通知宣布英特尔将放弃其整个微控制器业务。

So, it is not too likely Intel will ever write up the history of 8051. It seems it is up to the volunteers, then.
因此，英特尔不太可能写下8051的历史。那么，这似乎取决于志愿者。
I came to 8051’s quite late, so I can’t remember most of its history. I just collected a couple of facts I found interesting, fascinating. My thanks go to the 8052.com discussion forum, where the idea of this document came from, and the forum users, contributing and correcting many of the details.
我很晚才用8051，所以我记不清它的大部分历史。我刚刚收集了一些我觉得有趣、迷人的事实。我要感谢8052.com论坛，这份文件的想法来自这里，以及论坛用户，他们贡献和纠正了许多细节。

I invite any correction, being it spelling, wording or factual; and of course additions and ideas to this document.
我邀请您进行任何更正，无论是拼写、措辞还是事实；当然还有本文的补充和想法。

8048: Prehistory. 8048：归去来兮

In fact, it should have started with chapter -2, the invention of microprocessor. Intel introduced a single-chip processor, the 4004, in 1971. It was a 4-bit microprocessor, with whopping processing speed of 100 thousand operations per second, and was meant for an electronic calculator. There is a lot of 4-bit processing in calculators, especially if the software is based on BCD arithmetics. Later Intel introduced the 8-bitter 8008 and it’s grown-up brother - the famous 8080 (which then was perfected by an ex-Intel employee as Zilog Z80, one of the best 8-bit microprocessors of all times).
事实上，它应该从第二章微处理器的发明开始。英特尔于1971年推出了单芯片处理器4004。这是一个4位微处理器，处理速度高达每秒10万次操作，适用于电子计算器。计算器中有很多4位处理，特别是如果软件基于BCD算术。后来，英特尔推出了8位8008及其成熟的兄弟——著名的8080（后来由一名前英特尔员工完善为Zilog Z80，有史以来最好的8位微处理器之一）。

In 1976, Intel introduced its first microcontroller, 8048. It integrated the processing core with code and data memory and certain peripherals. The code memory was a 1kB mask ROM (defined by the last metallisation mask during the chip processing) or EPROM (after all, Intel invented EPROM), the data memory was 64 bytes of RAM (including the 8-level stack and two pages of eight general purpose registers). Besides general-purpose I/O (see below), peripherals included a timer and an external interrupt (plus the necessary interrupt system).
1976年，英特尔推出了第一款微控制器8048。它将处理核心与代码和数据存储器以及某些外围设备集成在一起。代码存储器是1kB掩模ROM（由芯片处理过程中的最后一个金属化掩模定义）或EPROM（毕竟是英特尔发明的EPROM），数据存储器是64字节的RAM（包括8级堆栈和两页8个通用寄存器）。除了通用I/O（见下文）外，外围设备还包括一个定时器和一个外部中断（加上必要的中断系统）。

Although the 8048 is clearly an 8-bit architecture, it is said to be an ancestor of the 4-bit 4004 rather than the 8080. Also it is said to bear remarkable similarities to Fairchild F8 microprocessor. Today, it is hard to say whether something of this is true, but one thing is sure, the 8048 has a couple of strange features. Using four of its general purpose input/output ports, and adding one or more 8243-type chip - and the I/O expand into another four 4-bit ports. This expansion has not only support in the hardware - dedicated pins on 8048 - but also in the instruction set, having dedicated instructions for I/O operations (including AND and OR(!)) via the expander.
尽管8048显然是8位架构，但据说它是4位4004而不是8080的祖先。据说它与Fairchild F8微处理器有着惊人的相似之处。今天，很难说这是否属实，但有一件事是肯定的，8048有几个奇怪的功能。使用其四个通用输入/输出端口，并添加一个或多个8243型芯片，I/O扩展到另外四个4位端口。这种扩展不仅支持硬件（8048上的专用引脚），还支持指令集，通过扩展器为I/O操作（包括AND和OR（！））提供专用指令。

The 8048 already had a lot of useful features known well to 8051-users: external code memory support; external data memory support (inherently only 256 bytes addressed indirectly by R0 and R1 as there is no 16 bit pointer register such as the DPTR in 8051 - the 8051 inherited this 8-bit external data access); quasibidirectional I/O ports. Maximum clock is 11MHz, but an instruction cycle takes 15 oscillator clocks. The “A” version (advanced) introduced powerdown mode
8048已经有很多8051用户熟知的有用功能：外部代码存储器支持；外部数据存储器支持（本质上只有256个字节由R0和R1间接寻址，因为没有16位指针寄存器，如8051中的DPTR——8051继承了这种8位外部数据访问）；准双向I/O端口。最大时钟为11MHz，但一个指令周期需要15个振荡器时钟。“A”版本（高级）引入了断电模式

There were multiple variations of the 8048 around, mostly with different numbering, but generally denoted as the MCS-48 family. 8048 itself denoted a mask-ROM part, 8748 an EPROM part -windowed (CERDIP - erasable) for development, and unwindowed (PDIP) OTP. The romless part was a bit surprisingly marked 8035 (probably most of the parts sold as romless were parts with unusable ROM, due to error in the “programmed” firmware). There was a low-cost version with reduced pin count and omitted some of the features as 8021, and versions with more ROM and RAM as 8049 (2kB ROM/128B RAM) and 8050 (4kB ROM/256B RAM); with ROMless versions as 8039 and 8040; and 8049 had also an EPROM version 8749 (the funny thing is, that 8749 came in 1981, one year after 8051/8751). 8048’s were second sourced by a number of manufacturers, including NEC, Toshiba, and were cloned also behind the then iron curtain in Czechoslovakia (Tesla MHB8048/8035) and USSR. Application specific versions of 8048 were also built quite early, with adding of various peripherals, such as 8-bit ADC in 8022 and a parallel-bus slave interface in 8041/8042.
8048有多种变体，大多具有不同的编号，但通常表示为MCS-48家族。8048本身表示掩模ROM版本，8748表示用于开发的EPROM部分窗口（CERDIP可擦除）和非窗口（PDIP）OTP。Romless版本有点令人惊讶地标记为8035（由于“编程”固件中的错误，可能大多数作为romless出售的零件都是ROM不可用的零件）。有一个低成本版本，减少了引脚数量，省略了一些功能，如8021，还有更多ROM和RAM的版本，如8049（2kB ROM/128B RAM）和8050（4kB ROM/256B RAM）；无ROM版本为8039和8040；8049也有EPROM版本8749（有趣的是，8749是在1981年出现的，比8051/8751晚一年）。8048是由包括NEC、东芝在内的多家制造商二次采购的，也是在捷克斯洛伐克（特斯拉MHB8048/8035）和苏联的铁幕之后克隆的。8048的特定应用版本也很早就构建了，增加了各种外围设备，如8022中的8位ADC和8041/8042中的并行总线从机接口。

The MCS-48 family was used in a quite wide range of applications. One of the first applications of 8048 was in a gaming console (Magnavox Odyssey2), but there were also more “serious” applications, for example in one of the first car engine “computerized” control units. But the biggest hit came when IBM decided to use 8048 in its original PC keyboard. Although in the AT keyboard IBM used the (presumably cheaper) 6805, it used 8042 as a co-processor on the mainboard, communicating with the keyboard (and performing a few other specific tasks in memory management). The 8042 is still present in almost each and every PC even today, but don’t search for a chip with “8042” on it - it is integrated in the chipset. It may come as a surprise to somebody, but thanks to this fact the 8048 with its derivatives is most probably the most widespread microcontroller at all.
MCS-48系列在相当广泛的应用中使用。8048的首批应用之一是在游戏机（Magnavox Odyssey2）中，但也有更“严肃”的应用，例如在第一个汽车发动机“计算机化”控制单元中。但最受欢迎的是IBM决定在其最初的PC键盘中使用8048。尽管在AT键盘中，IBM使用了（可能更便宜）6805，但它使用8042作为主板上的协处理器，与键盘通信（并执行内存管理中的其他一些特定任务）。即使在今天，8042仍然存在于几乎每台PC中，但不要寻找带有“8042”的芯片——它集成在芯片组中。这可能会让一些人感到惊讶，但由于这一事实，8048及其衍生产品很可能是最广泛使用的微控制器。

As in the 70s there were no pdf-s and no world-wide web, datasheets and other documentation is hardly available over the internet. I believe Intel will give out a copy if one really wants it (there is a “literature request” form at their “museum” pages). However, there seems to be a couple of enthusiastic people, one of the maintaining a wonderful document called “Grokking the MCS-48 System” at http://home.mnet-online.de/al/mcs-48/mcs-48.pdf .
与70年代一样，当时没有pdf-s，也没有万维网，数据表和其他文档在互联网上很难获得。我相信，如果有人真的想要，英特尔会发放一份副本（他们的“博物馆”页面上有一份“文献申请”表格）。然而，似乎有几个热情的人，其中一位在http://home.mnet-online.de/al/mcs-48/mcs-48.pdf .

Chapter 0 第0章

8051: The Classics. 8051：既自以心为形役

In 1980, Intel introduced the successor to 8048, the 8051.
1980年，英特尔推出了8048的继任者8051。

Intel made sure that the transition from the already successful model will be as smooth as possible. Architecturally, the 8051 is an extension to 8048. Almost every feature and resource of 8048 is present in 8051 in same or superior form. 4kB ROM and 128B RAM on chip. Pin compatibility was not maintained, but it was not a real issue. Software compatibility is not binary-wise but source-wise, but that is also acceptable. The preliminary datasheet read: “Enhanced MCS-48 Architecture”.
英特尔确保从已经成功的模式过渡到尽可能顺利。从架构上讲，8051是8048的扩展。8048的几乎所有功能和资源都以相同或更高级的形式存在于8051中。片上有4kB ROM和128B RAM。引脚兼容性没有得到维护，但这不是一个真正的问题。软件兼容性不是二进制的，而是源代码的，但这也是可以接受的。初步数据表上写着：“增强型MCS-48架构”。

The extensions included code and data memory extended to 64kB with appropriate support in instruction set and registers (DPTR), relative conditional and unconditional jumps (conditionals and DJNZ were constrained within a 256-byte page in 8048), four register banks instead of two, “unlimited” stack (8048 had stack limited to 16 bytes), multiple and divide instructions. As for peripherals, second timer was added and both were extended to 16 bits with multiple modes (including 8-bit autoreload mode), and an UART (which was a luxury that many lower-end microcontrollers didn’t have even a couple of years ago). The raw clock frequency did not increase considerably, being 12MHz, but an instruction cycle is 12 clocks now.
这些扩展包括代码和数据存储器扩展到64kB，并在指令集和寄存器（DPTR）中提供适当的支持，相对条件和无条件跳转（8048中条件和DJNZ被限制在256字节的页面内），四个寄存器组而不是两个，“无限制”堆栈（8048的堆栈限制为16字节），多重和除法指令。至于外围设备，增加了第二个定时器，两者都扩展到16位，具有多种模式（包括8位自动扩展模式）和UART（这是许多低端微控制器几年前甚至没有的奢侈品）。原始时钟频率没有显著增加，为12MHz，但现在指令周期为12个时钟。

Similarly to 8048, also the 8051 had variants, but there was no cut-down “low-cost” version (presumably because of the cost of ROM/RAM and the DIP40 package went low enough). The romless version was 8031 and the EPROM version was 8751. The “extended” version - 8052 (with 8032 and 8752) came 3 years later and featured besides 8kB ROM and 256B RAM also an extra 16-bit timer. An unusual chip was the 8052AH-BASIC, which according to Intel was “software-on-silicon version of the 8052 microcontroller with a BASIC interpreter on-chip in 8K ROM”. The whole family was eventually called MCS-51 and was manufactured in NMOS, since 1986 in CMOS.
与8048类似，8051也有变体，但没有削减“低成本”版本（可能是因为ROM/RAM的成本和DIP40封装足够低）。无ROM版本是8031，EPROM版本是8751。3年后，“扩展”版本-8052（8032和8752）问世，除了8kB ROM和256B RAM外，还增加了一个16位定时器。一个不同寻常的芯片是8052AH-BASIC，据英特尔称，它是“8052微控制器的硅上软件版本，在8K ROM中有一个BASIC解释器”。整个家族最终被称为MCS-51，自1986年以来一直采用NMOS制造。

Intel provided all the needed initial tools and support with the 8051 - assembler, application notes, example software, in-circuit emulator. Some of the appnotes and software still can be found on Intel’s webpages and are of excellent quality. The basic datasheet set - dubbed in the community as “the bible” - is still THE reference source of information on 8051 and its derivatives, even today.
英特尔提供了8051所需的所有初始工具和支持，包括汇编程序、应用程序说明、示例软件和在线仿真器。一些appnotes和软件仍然可以在英特尔的网页上找到，质量很好。即使在今天，基本数据表集（在社区中被称为“圣经”）仍然是8051及其衍生产品的参考信息来源。

So, Intel did its job, providing everything needed to make 8051 successful, and the rest is… history.
所以，英特尔做了自己的工作，提供了使8051成功所需的一切，剩下的就是……历史。

Chapter 1 第1章

The Birds Are Out Of The Nest. 实迷途其未远

Similar to 8048, also the 8051 has been licensed to various manufacturers worldwide. Some of the early adopters include Philips, Signetics, MHS (Matra) and Siemens. Most of these companies don’t exist any more, some have been taken over, others have been renamed; but most of them still manufacture some derivative of 8051.
与8048类似，8051也已授权给全球各地的制造商。一些早期采用者包括飞利浦、Signetics、MHS（Matra）和西门子。这些公司大多已不复存在，有些已被接管，有些已更名；但他们中的大多数仍然生产8051的一些衍生物。

The licensees started to make fully compatible models. Naturally, they took over also the datasheets, for example the “bible” is better used in the Philips version, which is a verbatim copy of the Intel version, except that it is a true searchable pdf, while the Intel is a scanned copy of paper document, unsearchable. More than that, the manufacturers took over the annoying practice of Intel to include in datasheets only the specific differences to the “bible”, very confusing for the newbies (but there are opinions on this, some of the users consider this arrangement better than having huge datasheets containing all the “common” details). The manufacturers published their own appnotes, which all together form a huge knowledge base and code library, but… due to competition it is scattered across the manufacturers’ sites, an another confusing fact for the newbies.
被许可方开始生产完全兼容的型号。当然，他们也接管了数据表，例如，飞利浦版本最好使用“圣经”，这是英特尔版本的逐字副本，除了它是一个真正的可搜索pdf，而英特尔是纸质文档的扫描副本，无法搜索。更重要的是，制造商接管了英特尔令人讨厌的做法，在数据表中只包含与“圣经”的具体差异，这让新手非常困惑（但对此也有意见，一些用户认为这种安排比包含所有“常见”细节的大数据表更好）。制造商发布了自己的appnotes，它们共同构成了一个庞大的知识库和代码库，但。。。由于竞争，它分散在制造商的网站上，这对新手来说是另一个令人困惑的事实。

Later, the manufacturers rolled out their own derivatives and variants with varying marking -there is no real standard in it (although there are some idiosyncrasies present in the marking of most manufacturers). All types of modifications described in the following chapters were applied; but the compatibility to the original 8051 was usually maintained. This, together with the availability of second-, third-,…,35th-,…-source of 8051 is the true source of its immortality.
后来，制造商推出了自己的衍生品和变体，这些衍生品和变体具有不同的标记——其中没有真正的标准（尽管大多数制造商的标记中都有一些特质）。应用了以下章节中描述的所有类型的修改；但通常保持与原始8051的兼容性。这，再加上第二、第三、……第35的可用性，-8051的来源是它不朽的真正来源。

Chapter 2 第二章

Embedded In Embedded. 善万物之得时

Intel and the licensees soon realized that 8051 is a nice core that can be embedded in various ASIC chips to perform setup and control tasks. Typically, the resources of the ASIC are mapped as external data memory, as if the ASIC would be connected to a conventional 8051 chip. This approach allows to use an unmodified core, which speeds up the chip development and decreases the chance for error; also the ASIC could be breadboard-prototyped in this form easily.
英特尔和被许可方很快意识到8051是一个很好的内核，可以嵌入各种ASIC芯片中以执行设置和控制任务。通常，ASIC的资源被映射为外部数据存储器，就像ASIC将连接到传统的8051芯片一样。这种方法允许使用未经修改的内核，这加快了芯片开发速度，减少了出错的机会；ASIC也可以很容易地以这种形式进行面包板原型制作。

As an example, Intel produced 80C51SL, a descendant of 8042. Philips has a line of 8051-based teletext controllers. In a particular USB webcamera, the chip interfacing the CCD and USB was controlled by an embedded 8051. There are probably much more examples around, but most of them never get public. In spite of this, the 8051 in this form is produced probably in much higher volumes than as general-purpose microcontrollers.
例如，英特尔生产了8042的后代80C51SL。飞利浦有一系列基于8051的图文电视控制器。在一个特定的USB网络摄像头中，连接CCD和USB的芯片由嵌入式8051控制。可能还有更多的例子，但其中大多数从未公开。尽管如此，这种形式的8051的产量可能比通用微控制器高得多。

Chapter 3 第三章

Extras. 情在骏奔

Besides application-specific, also general purpose derivatives have been introduced by Intel and the licensees, with enhanced features and increased code and data memories. In contrast with the ASICs mentioned above, these chips tend to implement the extra features in the core itself, accessed usually via extra SFRs. This allows faster code as SFRs are accessed by all the instructions using direct addressing (mov, logic), and some of them by the bit-manipulation instructions, too.
除了特定应用，英特尔和被许可方还推出了通用衍生产品，具有增强的功能和增加的代码和数据存储器。与上述ASIC相比，这些芯片倾向于在内核本身实现额外的功能，通常通过额外的SFR访问。这允许更快的代码，因为所有使用直接寻址（mov，逻辑）的指令都可以访问SFR，其中一些指令也可以通过位操作指令访问。

One of the first such derivative by Intel was the 80C51FA, which introduced the programmable counter array (PCA) (and was a 8052 otherwise). It was intended for automotive applications (brake control). Soon, FB and FC continued, with more and more code memory. 80C51RA/RB/RC followed, with added “internal external” data memory. These were the basis for the today’s 89C51RD2 “sub-family”, produced by Philips, Atmel (as ex-Temic), SST and Winbond.
英特尔最早推出的此类衍生产品之一是80C51FA，它引入了可编程计数器阵列（PCA）（否则就是8052）。它适用于汽车应用（制动控制）。很快，FB和FC继续进行，代码内存越来越多。随后是80C51RA/RB/RC，增加了“内部-外部”数据存储器。这些是今天由飞利浦、Atmel（前身为Temic）、SST和华邦生产的89C51RD2“子系列”的基础。

Chapter 4 第四章

Fat Boys: 16-bit Extensions. 世与我而相违

When the 8051 was accepted widely enough, some of the applications started to grow and soon required more power than the 8051 even with enhancements could provide. There were 16-bit microcontrollers around (e.g. Intel had it’s 80C196 line), but it seemed a good idea to provide a more natural migration path by creating a 16-bit version of 8051.
当8051被广泛接受时，一些应用程序开始增长，很快就需要比8051更大的功率，即使有增强功能。当时有16位微控制器（例如英特尔有80C196系列），但通过创建16位版本的8051来提供更自然的迁移路径似乎是一个好主意。

Intel addressed the problem by introducing 80C251. It went all the way to achieve compatibility -it was able to run 8051 binary code (being able to switch to native 16-bit 251-mode) and had a package pin-compatible with 8051. It was not a big success, most probably for bad market timing (although it is second sourced by Temic/Atmel).
英特尔通过引入80C251解决了这个问题。它一直致力于实现兼容性——它能够运行8051二进制代码（能够切换到本机16位251模式），并且具有与8051兼容的封装引脚。这并不是一个大的成功，很可能是因为市场时机不好（尽管它是由Temic/Atmel提供的第二来源）。

Philips on the other hand employed source-compatibility for its XA family, which seems to be adequate for most of the applications, where legacy code has to be maintained or parallel development with 8051 is needed; and poses little constraint on the chip design itself.
另一方面，飞利浦为其XA系列采用了源代码兼容性，这似乎适用于大多数需要维护遗留代码或需要与8051并行开发的应用程序；并且对芯片设计本身几乎没有约束。

All in all, the 16-bit versions of 8051 gained far less popularity than the 8051 and are less widespread.
总的来说，16位版本的8051的受欢迎程度远低于8051，普及程度也较低。

Chapter 5 第五章

Flash For The Masses. 觉今是而昨非

In the 90s, Atmel introduced a derivative of 8051 with Flash code memory, enabling fast erasure and reprogramming. It enabled to use the production-grade chip in development, and enabled the chips used in the product to be reprogrammed when upgrade or a bugfix was needed, cutting down costs. It brought down the 8051 to the masses - the small “garage” companies and hobbyists. Besides that, Atmel introduced also 89C2051 with decreased pin count (and price). This was a smart move, the chip proved to be extremely popular in many small applications.
在90年代，Atmel推出了一款带有闪存代码存储器的8051衍生产品，实现了快速擦除和重新编程。它允许在开发中使用生产级芯片，并在需要升级或修复错误时对产品中使用的芯片进行重新编程，从而降低成本。它把8051带给了大众——小型“车库”公司和业余爱好者。除此之外，Atmel还推出了引脚数量（和价格）减少的89C2051。这是一个明智的举动，事实证明，该芯片在许多小型应用中非常受欢迎。

Today, virtually all manufacturers produce 8051 derivatives with Flash, most of them able to be programmed via some few-pin serial interface (called in-situ programming (ISP), SPI-style or UART-style) and the higher-end versions also able to reprogram themselves (in-application programming, IAP). MaskROM and EPROM - windowed or OTP - seems to become extinct, at least in the mainstream applications.
如今，几乎所有制造商都生产带有Flash的8051衍生产品，其中大多数能够通过一些少数引脚串行接口进行编程（称为原位编程（ISP）、SPI风格或UART风格），而高端版本也能够自行重新编程（在应用程序编程，IAP）。掩模ROM和EPROM（窗口或OTP）似乎已经灭绝，至少在主流应用中是这样。

Chapter 6 第6章

Need For Speed. 寓形宇内复几时

The need for higher processing power, addressed unsuccessfully by the 16-bit versions, has been solved by introducing the high speed derivatives of 8051. The original 12-clock instruction cycle scheme is obviously inefficient and also the technology progressed enough to achieve higher clock rates than the original 12MHz.
通过引入8051的高速处理，解决了16位版本未能成功解决的对更高处理能力的需求。原始的12时钟指令周期方案显然效率低下，而且技术进步到足以实现比原始12MHz更高的时钟速率。

The first derivative addressing this in a radical way is the now legendary Dallas DS80C320. It featured a 4-clocker core with incompatible timing, and could be clocked as high as 33MHz. Unfortunately, it was produced as ROMless only.
以激进的方式解决这一问题的第一个衍生产品是现在传奇的达拉斯DS80C320。它具有一个4周期核心，时序不兼容，时钟频率高达33MHz。不幸的是，它只以无ROM的形式生产。

The following step was taken by Cygnal, where a single-clock core has been developed. In the top-range models, the clocking is as high as 100MHz, being the fastest 8051s around.
Cygnal采取了以下步骤，开发了一个时钟核心。在顶级型号中，时钟频率高达100MHz，是最快的8051。

Today, there are many 8051 derivatives with sped-up cores available. They can be divided into two groups: the 6-clockers (e.g. the 8xC51RD2) and 2-clockers (Philips LPC9xx) have the same number of instruction cycle per instruction as the original; while the 4-clockers and single-clockers are incompatible in this way, requiring recalculation of timing loops if used.
如今，有许多8051衍生产品具有加速内核。它们可分为两组：6周期（如8xC51RD2）和2周期的每条指令的指令周期数与原始指令相同；而4周期和单周期在这种方式下是不兼容的，如果使用的话，需要重新计算定时环路。

Chapter 7 第7章

Where Is It Going? 知来者之可追

The 8051 is a sound mcu core with rich history. However, it seems that it is already over its peak, although it might take quite a lot of time until it will be completely replaced by most modern microcontrollers.
8051是一个历史悠久的完善的单片机核心。然而，它似乎已经辉煌过了，尽管它可能需要相当长的时间才能被大多数现代微控制器完全取代。

So we now have superfast 8051 derivatives with loads of internal FLASH and RAM. ISP and IAP seems to be the standard these days. There are the 8051s built around advanced analog circuits, mainly high resolution ADC. There are derivatives suitable for extreme applications - high temperature, radiation hardened. There are softcores around, tuned up, and even open source.
所以我们现在有超高速的8051衍生产品，带有大量的内部FLASH和RAM。ISP和IAP似乎是当今的标准。有围绕高级模拟电路构建的8051，主要是高分辨率ADC。有一些衍生物适用于极端应用——高温、抗辐射。周围有软核，经过调整，甚至开源。

There is a wealth of knowledge and experience, however, it is scattered around and the newbies tend to get the easier path - competing 8-bit microcontrollers usually do have a single-stop information resource site, so this knowledge and experience seems to die out as the “old boys” retire gradually. The price difference between the high-end 8-bitters and the much more powerful low-end 32-bit RISCs (such as the ARMs) seems to decrease rapidly and will change eventually, as the 32-bitters are becoming the standard in all but the least demanding applications.
有丰富的知识和经验，然而，它是分散的，新手往往会走更容易的路——竞争对手的8位微控制器通常确实有一个一站式信息资源站点，所以随着“老家伙”逐渐退休，这些知识和经验似乎会消失。高端8比特和功能强大得多的低端32比特RISC（如ARM）之间的价格差异似乎正在迅速缩小，并最终会发生变化，因为32比特正在成为除要求最低的应用程序之外的所有应用程序的标准。
So there is perhaps still a need for the 8051s, but this need is decreasing and 8051s life cycle is slowly approaching its end.
因此，可能仍然需要8051，但这种需求正在减少，8051的生命周期正在慢慢接近尾声。

But I might be wrong, of course.
当然，我可能错了。