c++practice

c++学习笔记

清华mooc笔记补

之前的听课笔记-3.16

ch1-4

ch1

#include //编译预处理命令 包含cout cin等输入输出流的头文件 给出了语句声明
using namespace std;//iostream的名字空间在一个标准的名字空间中，防止后续重名
字符串/0 表示结束
const 符号常量 ，定义时给定初始值，const float pi=3.14159

	int r;
	cout << "input radius \n"<< endl;
	cin >> r;
	cout << "the radius is:" << r <<'\n'<< endl;

//常量与浮点数：
	float  r;
	float  c;
	const float  pi=3.1415;
	cin >> r  ;
	c = 2 * pi * r;
	cout << c << '\n';

//条件运算符与条件表达式：
	int a;
	int b, c;
	cout <<" input a "<< '\n';
	cin >> a;
	cout << " input b" << '\n';
	cin >> b;
	c = a >= b ? (a * 3) : (b * 3);
	cout << c << '\n';

//移位：
	int b;
	int a = 51;
	b=sizeof(a);
	cout << b;
	a =  a<<1;
	cout << a;
	a = a << 1;
	cout << a;
	a = a << 1;
	cout << a;

//sizeof：
	cout << "sg "<<'\t'<<'\t'<< sizeof(float) << "bytes."<<'\n';

char

字符char用单引号‘c’,字符串char用双引号“”
字符串定义：
C++中的字符串一般有以下四种类型，string/char/const char*/char[]
char x[] = “C++” ;//sizeof得4 字符串char可以直接printf(x);
string x = “c++”;//sizeof得28 string类型无法printf
int nLen = x.length();//C++长度length=3 ，该方法计算结果为字符串的实际长度，但是不是length(x)
bool a =0 || sizeof(int);
int nLen = x.length();
cout << x.length() <<sizeof(int)<<a<<endl;
// printf(x);

//符号位：
	int s;
	s = -50;
	unsigned int a;
	a = -50;//unsigned是无符号，仅仅可以表现0 or 正数，a实际存储并非-50
	cout << a;

//if语句：
	/*
	int a, b;
	cout << "input a and b" << endl;
	cin >> a >> b;
	if(a != b)
	{
	if (a > b)cout << "a>b" << '\n';
	else cout << "a<b" << '\n';
}
	else cout << "a=b" << '\n';
	*/

//switch（）：注意break
	switch (day)
	{
	case 1:cout << "monday" << endl;	break;
	case 2:cout << "tuesday" << endl;	break;
	case 3:cout << "wendesday" << endl;	break;
	case 4:cout << "thursday" << endl;	break;
	default:cout << "you are fault" << endl;
		break;
	}

枚举类型 enum

不能cin>>enum

	#include <iostream>
	using namespace std;
	enum gameresult { WIN=0 ,LOSE=1, TIE =2,CANCEL= 3};//写在main之前
	int main()
	{
	gameresult result;
	//gameresult omit=CANCEL;
	//gameresult omit = CANCEL;
	for (int count = 0; count <= 3; count++) 
	{
		result = gameresult(count);
		if (result == CANCEL)
			cout << "the game is cancel" << endl;
		else if (result == WIN)cout << "the game we win" << endl;
		else if (result==LOSE)cout<< "the game we lose" << endl;
		else cout<< "the game we tie" << endl;
		/*	char m=static_cast<char> (result);
			cout << "in the game we " << m << endl;//没有直接打印变量名的方法 ，只会打印出对应的0123
			*/
		
	}
	return 0;
}

#include //编译预处理命令 包含cout cin等输入输出流的头文件 给出了语句声明

using namespace std;
enum result { win=1, lose=2, tie=3, cancel=4};
int main()
{
	result x = win;
	int a;
	cin >> a;
	if (a == win)
		cout << "we win";
	else {
		if (a == cancel)
			cout << "cancel the game";
		else {
			if (a == lose)
				cout << "we lose";
			else {
				if (a == tie)
				cout << "tie";
				else
					cout << "you are fault";
			}
		}
	}
	return 0;
}

//累加
int main()
{
	int a = 0;
	int sum = 0;
	for (a = 0; a <= 9; a++)
		sum = sum + a;
	cout << sum;
	return 0;
}

//分类计算面积：或者switch选择
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
enum shapename { yuan=1, zhengfang,changfang };
int main()
{
	shapename shape;
	float a, b,r;
	float s;
	int count;
	cout << "please input the shape:1yuan,2zhengfang,3changfang" << '\n' << endl;
	cin >> count;
	shape = shapename(count);
	if(count==1)
	{
		cout << "the radius is:" << '\n';
		cin >> r;
		s = r * 3.14159 * r;
		cout << s;
	}
	else if (count==2)
	{
		cout << "the length is:" << '\n';
		cin >> r;
		s = r  * r;
		cout << s;
	}
	else {
		cout << "the length and width is:" << '\n';
		cin >> a >> b;
		s = a * b;
		cout << s;
	}
}

//struct结构体：
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct wholetime {
	unsigned int year;
	unsigned int month;
	unsigned int day;
	unsigned int hour;
	unsigned int min;
	unsigned int sec;//int main之外定义struct
};
int main()
{
	wholetime xx = { 2015,12,21,12,12,12 };
	cout << "please input your year:";
	cin >> xx.year;
	cout << "please input your month:";
	cin >> xx.month;
	cout << "please input your day:";
	cin >> xx.day;
	cout << "please input your hour:";
	cin >> xx.day;
	cout << "please input your min:";
	cin >> xx.min;
	cout << "please input your sec:";
	cin >> xx.sec;

	cout << "the time is :"<<xx.year<<'\t'<<xx.month <<'\t'<<xx.day<<'\t'<<xx.hour<<'\t'<<xx.min<<'\t'<<xx.sec<<endl;
}	

//二进制转十进制：
float power(float x, int N);
int main() {
    char x;
    int N=0;
    int f = 0;
    cout << "please input 8bit number:" << endl;
    for (int i = 7; i >=0; i--) {
        cin >> x;
        if (x == '1')
            N = N + power(2, i);
        else if (x == '0')
            N = N;
        else {
            cout << "fault";
            f = 1;
            break;
        }
    }
    if(f!=1)
    cout << N;
    return 0;
}



/*
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double power(double x, int n);
//二进制转十进制
int main()
{
	int inn;
	int val=0;
	//int sum=0;
	cout << "please input 8 bytes numbers:";

	for (int i = 8; i >= 1; i--) {
		char inn;
cin >> inn;
if (inn=='1')//注意单引号
val +=static_cast<int>( power(2, (i-1)));
//sum = sum + val;
}
	cout << val;
	return 0;
}
*/

double power(double x, int n)
{
	double val=1.0;
	while(n--)
	val = val * x;
	return val;
}

//自写arctan程序，计算pi：
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double power(double x, int n);
double arctan(double x);

int main()
{
	double pi;
	double a = 16.0 * arctan(1 / 5.0);
	double b = 4.0 * arctan(1 / 239.0);
	pi = a- b;//int 整数相除结果取整，所以要写.0，否则1/5=0
	cout << pi << endl;
}

double arctan(double x)
{
	
	double val = 0;
	double tmp=1;
	int n=1;
	int i = 0;
	for (int n = 1; tmp > 1e-15; n = n + 2) {
		val = power(-1, i) * power(x, n)/n + val;
		i++;
		tmp = power(x, n);
		
	}
		return val;
	
	/*
	double sqr = x * x;
	double e = x;
	double r = 0;
	int i = 1;
	while (e / i > 1e-15) {
		double f = e / i;
		r = (i % 4 == 1) ? r + f : r - f;
		e = e * sqr;
		i += 2;
	}
	return r;
	*/
}

double power(double x, int n)
{
	double val = 1.0;
	while (n--)
		val = val * x;
	return val;
}

//单阶+平方+立方回文数：
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double power(double x, int n);
double valreturn(int x);

int main()
{
	
	for (int x = 11; x <= 9999; x++) {
	int tmp = 1;
	double val=0;
	double reval=0;
		for (int n = 1; n <= 3; n++) {
			val = power(static_cast<double>(x), n);
			reval= valreturn(val);
			if (val != reval)
				tmp = 0;
				
		}
		if (tmp == 1) {
			cout << x << '\t';
		}
	}
	//cout << endl;
	return 0;
}

double valreturn(int x) {
	int m;
	int tmp = 0;
	do {
	m = x % 10;
	tmp = m + tmp*10;
	x = x / 10;
	} while (x);
	return tmp;
}
double power(double x, int n)
{
	double val = 1.0;
	while (n--)
		val = val * x;
	return val;
}

//3-5分段函数，自写sin：sin（5）也能用麦克劳林展开吗？死活算不对
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double power(double x, int n);
int jiecheng(int n);
double tsin(double x);

int main()
{
	
	double k;
	double r, s;
	cout << "r=:";
	cin >> r;
	cout << "s=:";
	cin >> s;

	if(r*r<=s*s){
		k = sqrt(tsin(r) * tsin(r) + tsin(s) * tsin(s));
	}
	else {
		k = 0.5 * tsin(r * s);
	}
	cout << "k=:"<<k;
	//double xx = tsin(1.0);
	//cout << xx;
	
	/*double m, t;

	cout << sin(5)<<endl;
	t = tsin(5);
	cout << t;*/
	return 0;
}

double tsin(double x) {
	double tmp = 1,tmpp=1;
	int i = 0;
	double m=0;
	double a, b, c;
	int n = 1;
	//for (int n = 1; tmp >= 1e-10; n = n + 2)
/*
	
do{
		//a = power(-1, i);
		b = jiecheng(n);
		tmp = power(x, n)/b;
		n = n + 2;
		b = jiecheng(n);
		tmpp = power(x, n) / b;
		m = m +tmp-tmpp;
		n = n + 2;
		//i++;
} while (tmp >= 1e-10);//就是不对，没找到bug
*/
	double g = 0;
	double t = x;
	do {
		g += t;
		n++;
		t = -t * x * x / (2 * n - 1) / (2 * n - 2);
	} while (fabs(t) >= 1e-10);//浮点数绝对值fabs
	return g;
}
int jiecheng(int n) {
	int tmp = 1;
	
	int m;
	for (int m = 1; m <= n; m++) {
	tmp = m * tmp;
	}
	
	return tmp;
}
double power(double x, int n)
{
	double val = 1.0;
	while (n--)
		val = val * x;
	return val;
}

//2021.01.31可用
float power(float x, int N);
double Factorial(int x);
double sinx(double x){
    double y=0;
    double tmp=1;
    for (int i = 0; fabs(tmp) >= 1e-8; i++) {
        tmp = power(x, (2 * i + 1)) * power(-1, i) / Factorial(2 * i + 1);
        y += tmp;
    }
    return y;
}
double Factorial(int x) {
    double y=1;
    for (int i = 1; i <= x; i++)
        y *= i;
        return y;
}

//3-6扔骰子游戏：
#include <iostream>;
using namespace std;
#include <cstdlib>;//声明数值与字符串转化函数，伪随机数生成函数，动态内存分配函数等公共函数=c中的stdlib
int rolldice();
enum gamestatus { win, lose,  playing };
int main()
{
	int sum;
	int mypoint;
	gamestatus status;
	unsigned seed;
	int rolldice();
	cout << "please input a seed number:";
	cin >> seed;
	srand(seed);//播种随机数种子；
	sum = rolldice();//第一轮扔色子，计算和数；
	switch (sum) {
	case 7:
	case 11: {status = win; break; }
	case 2:
	case 3:
	case 12:{status = lose; break;
	}
	default:status = playing;
		mypoint = sum;
		cout << "the point is :" << mypoint << endl;
		break;
	}
	while (status == win){
	cout << "WIN!";
	break;
}
	while (status == lose) {
	cout << "LOSE!";
	break;
}

	while (status == playing) {
		sum = rolldice();
		if (sum == 7) {
			status = lose;
			cout << "LOSE as 7";
		}
		if (status == mypoint) {
			status = win;
			cout << "WIN as equal";
		}
	}

	
}

int rolldice() {
	int a = 1 + rand() % 6;
	int b = 1 + rand() % 6;
	int sum = a + b;
	cout << "play roll is" << a << "+" << b<<"="<<sum<<endl;
	return sum;

}

//反向输出：	
do
{
	tmp = x % 10;
	y = tmp + y*10;
	x = x / 10;
} while (x!=0);
cout << "    " << y << endl;

//3-8递归：求阶乘
double Factorial(int x) {
    double y;
    if (x == 1)
        y = 1;
    else
        y = Factorial(x - 1)*x;
        return y;
}

//3-9组合：
int Combination(int m, int n) {
    if (m < n)
        return 0;
    else {
        if (m == n || n == 0)
            return 1;
        else
            return Combination(m - 1, n) + Combination(m - 1, n - 1);
    }
}

嵌套问题

3-10汉诺塔问题：自我嵌套 很重要 深思

int main() {
    int hanuo(char a, char b, char c, int N);

    //char a;
    //char b;
    //char c;
    int N = 3;
    hanuo('a', 'b',' c', N);
    return 0;
}

int hanuo(char a,char b,char c,int N) {
    if (N == 1)
        cout << a << "->" << c << endl;
    else {
        hanuo(a, c, b, N - 1);
        cout << a << "->" << c<<endl;
        hanuo(b, a, c, N - 1);
    }
    return 0;
}

交换swap

void  swap(int& x, int& y) {
    int t = x;
    x = y;
    y = t;
}

int main() {
    int x=1, y=2;
    swap(x, y);
    cout << x << "    " << y << endl;
    return 0;
}

含有可变参数的函数：

内联函数inline

const double pi  = 3.14159266;
inline double  cirarea(double r) {
    return r * r * pi;
}
int main() {
    double r;
    cin>>r;
    cout << cirarea(r) << endl;
    return 0;
}

3-17重载函数

int main() {
    double sumofsq(double x, double y);
    int sumofsq(int x, int y);
    int x, y;
    double a, b;
    cout << "please input int number" << endl;
    cin >> x;
    cout << "please input int number" << endl;
    cin >> y;
    cout << sumofsq(x,y) << endl;

    cout << "please input double number" << endl;
    cin >> a;
    cout << "please input double number" << endl;
    cin >> b;
    cout << sumofsq(a,b) << endl;

    return 0;
}

double sumofsq(double x, double y) {
    return x * x + y * y;
}

int sumofsq(int x, int y) {
    return x * x + y * y;
}

嵌套斐波那契数列

int fib(int x) {
    if (x == 1 || x == 2)
        return 1;
    else
        return fib(x - 1) + fib(x - 2);
}

判断浮点数是否相等，需要用减法后fabs<1e-10这种思路

类

class Clock{//好像类名大写首字母才不报错？
public://外部接口 可访问
void settime(int hour,int min,int sec);
void showtime();
private://内部私有 仅允许本类中函数访问
int hour = 0, minute = 0, second = 0;
protect://保护成员
}

Cock myclock;//定义类名 对象名；

类外访问：对象名.成员名 myclock.settime;

类的成员函数：可以在类外给出函数体实现，并在函数名前使用类名加以限定；
内联成员函数：提高效率，inline。

class Clock {
    public:
    void setTime(int hourh = 0, int min = 0, int sec = 0);
    void showTime();
private:
     int hour, minute, second;
};
void Clock::setTime(int hourh, int min, int sec) {
    hour = hourh;
    minute = min;
    second = sec;
}
void Clock::showTime() {
    cout << hour << ":" << minute << ":" << second << ":" << endl;
}

int main() {
   Clock myclock;
    myclock.setTime(14, 37, 25);
    myclock.showTime();
      return 0;
}

构造函数放在public
public:
Clock()=default;//指示编译器提供默认构造函数
Clock(int hourh,int min,int sec);//构造函数函数名与类名是一模一样的，没有返回值

例4-1/4-2

Clock::Clock(int  hourh, int min, int sec) ://定义构造函数
    hour(hourh), minute(min), second(sec) {//单冒号后 为初始化列表方式 形参赋值比赋值表达式效率更高
    //无语句
}
Clock::Clock() :  hour(0), minute(0), second(0) {}//默认构造函数
    //无语句

int main() {
   Clock myclock(0,0,0);//调用定义构造
   myclock.showTime();
    myclock.setTime(14, 37, 25);
    myclock.showTime();
    Clock myclock2;//调用默认构造函数
    myclock2.showTime();
    return 0;
}

委托构造函数

Clock::Clock(int  hourh, int min, int sec) ://定义构造函数
    hour(hourh), minute(min), second(sec) {//单冒号后 为初始化列表方式 形参赋值比赋值表达式效率更高
    //无语句
}
Clock::Clock() :  Clock(0,0,0) {}//默认构造函数 通过委托构造函数 保持一致性 调用定义的构造函数.

复制构造函数： 用已存在对象 构造新对象
未定义编译器也会生成默认复制构造函数，一一对应复制
=delete 不生成默认的复制构造函数

class类名 {
public :
类名（形参）；//构造函数
类名（const 类名 &对象名）；//复制构造函数
// …
}；
类名::类（const 类名&对象名）//复制构造函数的实现
{ 函数体 }

//point::point(point &p){
x=p.x;
y=p.y;
}

strcpy（a,b)将字符b的内容copy到a内

未定义删除系统会自动生成一个析构函数，如同自动生成的构造函数。析构函数：
~类名（）无参数表

point::~point（）{
}

部件类构成组合类
组合类对象的构造：成员定义次序决定初始化次序；且先声明先构造；

组合类复制构造从后往前

例4-4 类的组合，线段（Line）类

//4_4.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

class Point { //Point类定义
public:
Point(int xx = 0, int yy = 0) {
x = xx;
y = yy;
}
Point(Point &p);
int getX() { return x; }
int getY() { return y; }
private:
int x, y;
};

Point::Point(Point &p) { //复制构造函数的实现
x = p.x;
y = p.y;
cout << "Calling the copy constructor of Point" << endl;
}
//类的组合

class Line { //Line类的定义
public: //外部接口
Line(Point xp1, Point xp2);
Line(Line &l);
double getLen() { return len; }
private: //私有数据成员
Point p1, p2; //Point类的对象p1,p2
double len;
};
//组合类的构造函数

Line::Line(Point xp1, Point xp2) : p1(xp1), p2(xp2) {
cout << "Calling constructor of Line" << endl;
double x = static_cast<double>(p1.getX() - p2.getX());
double y = static_cast<double>(p1.getY() - p2.getY());
len = sqrt(x * x + y * y);
}

Line::Line (Line &l): p1(l.p1), p2(l.p2) {//组合类的复制构造函数
cout << "Calling the copy constructor of Line" << endl;
len = l.len;
}

//主函数
int main() {
Point myp1(1, 1), myp2(4, 5); //建立Point类的对象
Line line(myp1, myp2); //建立Line类的对象
Line line2(line); //利用复制构造函数建立一个新对象
cout << "The length of the line is: ";
cout << line.getLen() << endl;
cout << "The length of the line2 is: ";
cout << line2.getLen() << endl;
return 0;
}

结构体

struct student {
    int num;
    int age;
    string name;
    char sex;
};

联合体

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class ExamInfo {
private:
	string name;	//课程名称
	enum { GRADE, PASS, PERCENTAGE } mode;//计分方式
	union {
		char grade;	//等级制的成绩
		bool pass;	//只记是否通过课程的成绩
		int percent;	//百分制的成绩
	};
public:
	//三种构造函数，分别用等级、是否通过和百分初始化
	ExamInfo(string name, char grade)
		: name(name), mode(GRADE), grade(grade) { }
	ExamInfo(string name, bool pass)
		: name(name), mode(PASS), pass(pass) { }
	ExamInfo(string name, int percent)
		: name(name), mode(PERCENTAGE), percent(percent) { }
	void show();
}

void ExamInfo::show() {
	cout << name << ": ";
	switch (mode) {
	  case GRADE: cout << grade;  break;
	  case PASS: cout << (pass ? "PASS" : "FAIL"); break;
	  case PERCENTAGE: cout << percent; break;
	}
	cout << endl;
}

int main() {
	ExamInfo course1("English", 'B');
	ExamInfo course2("Calculus", true);
	ExamInfo course3("C++ Programming", 85);
	course1.show();
	course2.show();
	course3.show();
	return 0;
}

实验4

#include<iostream>;
using namespace std;
   
enum Cpu_rank { p1 = 1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7 };
class CPU {
private:
    int freq;
    float voltage;
    Cpu_rank rank;
    public:
   //     void run();
  //      void stop();
        CPU( int f, float v, Cpu_rank r) {//构造函数
            rank = r;
            freq = f;
            voltage = v;
            cout << "构造" << endl;
        }
        ~CPU() { cout << "析构" << endl; }
        //外部接口
        int getfreq()const { return freq; }
        float getvoltage()const { return voltage; };
        Cpu_rank getrank()const { return rank; }
        void setfreq(int f) { freq = f; };
        void setrank(Cpu_rank r) { rank = r; };
        void setvoltage(float v) { voltage = v; }

        void run(){ cout << "run" <<freq<< endl; }
        void stop() { cout << "stop" << endl; }
};
int main() {
    CPU x(45, 450.2, p3);
    int a;
    x.run();
    x.setfreq(a = 10) ;
    x.run();
    x.stop();
    return 0;
}