目录
操作符重载与复数类
C++中的重载能够以特殊形式的函数的扩展操作符的功能 ，通过operator关键字可以定义特殊的函数 ，operator的本质是通过函数重载操作符
Type operator Sign(const Type& p1, const Type& p2)
{
Type ret;
return ret;
}
// Sign为系统中预定义的操作符，如：＋，-，*，/，new,delete等 复数类的实现
#include <stdio.h>
class Complex
{
int a;
int b;
public:
Complex(int a = 0, int b = 0)
{
this->a = a;
this->b = b;
}
int getA()
{
return a;
}
int getB()
{
return b;
}
friend Complex Add(const Complex& p1, const Complex& p2);
friend Complex operator + (const Complex& p1, const Complex& p2);
};
Complex Add(const Complex& p1, const Complex& p2)
{
Complex ret;
ret.a = p1.a + p2.a;
ret.b = p1.b + p2.b;
return ret;
}
Complex operator + (const Complex& p1, const Complex& p2)
{
Complex ret;
ret.a = p1.a + p2.a;
ret.b = p1.b + p2.b;
return ret;
}
int main()
{
Complex c1(1, 2);
Complex c2(3, 4);
Complex c3 = Add(c1, c2);
Complex c4 = c1 + c2; // --> operator + (c1, c2)
printf("c3.a = %d, c3.b = %d\n", c3.getA(), c3.getB());
printf("c4.a = %d, c4.b = %d\n", c4.getA(), c4.getB());
return 0;
}
可以将操作符重载函数定义为类的成员函数 ，比全局操作符重载函数少—个参数（左操作数），不需要依赖友元就可以完成操作符重载 ，编译器优先在成员函数中寻找操作符重载函数
C++规定赋值操作符(=)只能重载为成员函数 ，操作符重载不能改变原操作符的优先级 ，操作符重载不能改变操作数的个数 ，操作符重载不应改变操作符的原有语义
#include <stdio.h>
class Complex
{
int a;
int b;
public:
Complex(int a = 0, int b = 0)
{
this->a = a;
this->b = b;
}
int getA()
{
return a;
}
int getB()
{
return b;
}
Complex operator + (const Complex& p)
{
Complex ret;
printf("Complex operator + (const Complex& p)\n");
ret.a = this->a + p.a;
ret.b = this->b + p.b;
return ret;
}
friend Complex operator + (const Complex& p1, const Complex& p2);
};
Complex operator + (const Complex& p1, const Complex& p2)
{
Complex ret;
printf("Complex operator + (const Complex& p1, const Complex& p2)\n");
ret.a = p1.a + p2.a;
ret.b = p1.b + p2.b;
return ret;
}
int main()
{
Complex c1(1, 2);
Complex c2(3, 4);
Complex c3 = c1 + c2; // c1.operator + (c2)
printf("c3.a = %d, c3.b = %d\n", c3.getA(), c3.getB());
return 0;
} 
完善的复数类
Complex.h
#ifndef _COMPLEX_H_
#define _COMPLEX_H_
class Complex
{
double a;
double b;
public:
Complex(double a = 0, double b = 0);
double getA();
double getB();
double getModulus();
Complex operator + (const Complex& c);
Complex operator - (const Complex& c);
Complex operator * (const Complex& c);
Complex operator / (const Complex& c);
bool operator == (const Complex& c);
bool operator != (const Complex& c);
Complex& operator = (const Complex& c);
};
#endif Complex.cpp
#include "Complex.h"
#include "math.h"
Complex::Complex(double a, double b)
{
this->a = a;
this->b = b;
}
double Complex::getA()
{
return a;
}
double Complex::getB()
{
return b;
}
double Complex::getModulus()
{
return sqrt(a * a + b * b);
}
Complex Complex::operator + (const Complex& c)
{
double na = a + c.a;
double nb = b + c.b;
Complex ret(na, nb);
return ret;
}
Complex Complex::operator - (const Complex& c)
{
double na = a - c.a;
double nb = b - c.b;
Complex ret(na, nb);
return ret;
}
Complex Complex::operator * (const Complex& c)
{
double na = a * c.a - b * c.b;
double nb = a * c.b + b * c.a;
Complex ret(na, nb);
return ret;
}
Complex Complex::operator / (const Complex& c)
{
double cm = c.a * c.a + c.b * c.b;
double na = (a * c.a + b * c.b) / cm;
double nb = (b * c.a - a * c.b) / cm;
Complex ret(na, nb);
return ret;
}
bool Complex::operator == (const Complex& c)
{
return (a == c.a) && (b == c.b);
}
bool Complex::operator != (const Complex& c)
{
return !(*this == c);
}
Complex& Complex::operator = (const Complex& c)
{
if( this != &c )
{
a = c.a;
b = c.b;
}
return *this;
} main.cpp
#include <stdio.h>
#include "Complex.h"
int main()
{
Complex c1(1, 2);
Complex c2(3, 6);
Complex c3 = c2 - c1;
Complex c4 = c1 * c3;
Complex c5 = c2 / c1;
printf("c3.a = %f, c3.b = %f\n", c3.getA(), c3.getB());
printf("c4.a = %f, c4.b = %f\n", c4.getA(), c4.getB());
printf("c5.a = %f, c5.b = %f\n", c5.getA(), c5.getB());
Complex c6(2, 4);
printf("c3 == c6 : %d\n", c3 == c6);
printf("c3 != c4 : %d\n", c3 != c4);
(c3 = c2) = c1;
printf("c1.a = %f, c1.b = %f\n", c1.getA(), c1.getB());
printf("c2.a = %f, c2.b = %f\n", c2.getA(), c2.getB());
printf("c3.a = %f, c3.b = %f\n", c3.getA(), c3.getB());
return 0;
} 
数组操作符的重载
数组访问符是C/C++中的内置操作符 ，数组访问符的原生意义是数组访问和指针运算
数组访问操作符( [ ] )
只能通过类的成员函数重载 ，重载函数能且仅能使用—个参数 ，可以定义不同参数的多个重载函数
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
int a[5];
public:
int& operator [] (int i)
{
return a[i];
}
int& operator [] (const string& s)
{
if( s == "1st" )
{
return a[0];
}
else if( s == "2nd" )
{
return a[1];
}
else if( s == "3rd" )
{
return a[2];
}
else if( s == "4th" )
{
return a[3];
}
else if( s == "5th" )
{
return a[4];
}
return a[0];
}
int length()
{
return 5;
}
};
int main()
{
Test t;
for(int i=0; i<t.length(); i++)
{
t[i] = i; //返回引用的原因，返回的t.operator[](i)本身就为值，值赋值？
}
for(int i=0; i<t.length(); i++)
{
cout << t[i] << endl;
}
cout << t["5th"] << endl;
cout << t["4th"] << endl;
cout << t["3rd"] << endl;
cout << t["2nd"] << endl;
cout << t["1st"] << endl;
return 0;
}
数组类的实现
IntArray.h
#ifndef _INTARRAY_H_
#define _INTARRAY_H_
class IntArray
{
private:
int m_length;
int* m_pointer;
IntArray(int len);
IntArray(const IntArray& obj);
bool construct();
public:
static IntArray* NewInstance(int length);
int length();
bool get(int index, int& value);
bool set(int index ,int value);
int& operator [] (int index);
IntArray& operator = (const IntArray& obj);
IntArray& self();
~IntArray();
};
#endif IntArray.cpp
#include "IntArray.h"
IntArray::IntArray(int len)
{
m_length = len;
}
bool IntArray::construct()
{
bool ret = true;
m_pointer = new int[m_length];
if( m_pointer )
{
for(int i=0; i<m_length; i++)
{
m_pointer[i] = 0;
}
}
else
{
ret = false;
}
return ret;
}
IntArray* IntArray::NewInstance(int length)
{
IntArray* ret = new IntArray(length);
if( !(ret && ret->construct()) )
{
delete ret;
ret = 0;
}
return ret;
}
int IntArray::length()
{
return m_length;
}
bool IntArray::get(int index, int& value)
{
bool ret = (0 <= index) && (index < length());
if( ret )
{
value = m_pointer[index];
}
return ret;
}
bool IntArray::set(int index, int value)
{
bool ret = (0 <= index) && (index < length());
if( ret )
{
m_pointer[index] = value;
}
return ret;
}
int& IntArray::operator [] (int index)
{
return m_pointer[index];
}
IntArray& IntArray::operator = (const IntArray& obj)
{
if( this != &obj )
{
int* pointer = new int[obj.m_length];
if( pointer )
{
for(int i=0; i<obj.m_length; i++)
{
pointer[i] = obj.m_pointer[i];
}
m_length = obj.m_length;
delete[] m_pointer;
m_pointer = pointer;
}
}
return *this;
}
IntArray& IntArray::self()
{
return *this;
}
IntArray::~IntArray()
{
delete[] m_pointer;
} main.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "IntArray.h"
using namespace std;
int main()
{
IntArray* a = IntArray::NewInstance(5);
if( a != NULL )
{
IntArray& array = a->self();
cout << "array.length() = " << array.length() << endl;
array[0] = 1; //（*a)[0]=1;工程中尽量避免指针
for(int i=0; i<array.length(); i++)
{
cout << array[i] << endl;
}
}
delete a;
return 0;
} 
函数调用操作符
使用具体的类对象取代函数 ，该类的对象具备函数调用的行为 ，函数调用操作符只能通过类的成员函数重载 ，可以定义不同参数的多个重载函数
函数对象用于在工程中取代函数指针
// 编写—个函数 ，函数可以获得斐波那契数列每项的值 ，每调用—次返回—个值 ，函数可根据需要重复使用
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Fib
{
int a0;
int a1;
public:
Fib()
{
a0 = 0;
a1 = 1;
}
Fib(int n)
{
a0 = 0;
a1 = 1;
for(int i=2; i<=n; i++)
{
int t = a1;
a1 = a0 + a1;
a0 = t;
}
}
int operator () ()
{
int ret = a1;
a1 = a0 + a1;
a0 = ret;
return ret;
}
};
int main()
{
Fib fib;
for(int i=0; i<10; i++)
{
cout << fib() << endl;
}
cout << endl;
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
cout << fib() << endl;
}
cout << endl;
Fib fib2(10);
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
cout << fib2() << endl;
}
return 0;
} 
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