在C++中,运算符 + - * / 已有了规定,只能运算整数型,浮点型,其中+ - 在一定范围内可以对字符型进行运算,如果需要对复数,分数或者其他操作数作四则运算,就要对他们进行重新定义这就是运算符重载的含义
运算符重载是为了满足某种操作的需求,在原有运算符实现不了,又不增加新的运算符种类基础上,对相近意义上的运算符进行重载
大多数运算符都可以重载只有少数不可以 ,分别为:
. 成员访问运算符
.* 成员指针访问运算符
:: 域运算符
sizeof 尺寸运算符
?: 条件运算符
运算符重载函数
两种形式: 成员函数形式
<类型> operator <运算符> (< 参数表>)
{ }
一般来说,单目运算符采用成员函数重载时,参数表是无参数的,双目运算符重载时只有一个参数隐藏了一个参数,this指针,即指向该成员函数对象的指针
友元函数形式
friend <类型> operator <运算符> (< 参数表>)
{ }
一般来说,单目运算符采用友元函数重载时,参数表是有一个参数的,双目运算符重载时有两个参数,因为友元函数中没有this指针
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class complex
{
public:
complex()
{
_real = 0.0;
_imag = 0.0;
}
complex(double real)
{
_real = real;
_imag = 0.0;
}
complex(double real, double imag)
{
_real = real;
_imag = imag;
}
complex operator + (const complex& c);//运算符重载函数声明
complex operator - (const complex& c);
complex operator * (const complex& c);
complex operator / (const complex& c);
friend void print(const complex& c);//友元函数
private :
double _real;
double _imag;
};
inline complex complex::operator +(const complex& c)
{// inline修饰成内联函数
//complex R;
//R._real = _real + c._real;
//R._imag = _imag + c._imag;
//return R;
优化后:
return complex(_real + c._real, _imag + c._imag);
}
inline complex complex::operator -(const complex& c)
{
return complex(_real - c._real, _imag - c._imag);
}
inline complex complex::operator *(const complex& c)
{
return complex(_real * c._real-_imag*c._imag, _real*c._imag + _imag*c._real);
}
inline complex complex::operator /(const complex& c)
{
return complex((_real*c._real + _imag*c._imag)/(c._real*c._real+c._imag*c._imag),
(_imag*c._real-_real*c._imag)/(c._real*c._real + c._imag*c._imag));
}
void print(const complex& c)
{
if (c._imag < 0)
cout << c._real << c._imag << "i";
else
cout << c._real <<"+"<< c._imag << "i";
}
void main()
{
complex c1(2.0);
complex c2(3.0, -1);
complex c3 = c1 + c2;
cout << "\n c1 + c2 = ";
print(c3);
c3 = c1 - c2;
cout << "\n c1 - c2 = ";
print(c3);
c3 = c1 * c2;
cout << "\n c1 * c2 = ";
print(c3);
c3 = c1 / c2;
cout << "\n c1 / c2 = ";
print(c3);
cout << endl;
}
程序中c1+c2中加法为被重载后的复数加法运算 ,表达式可以理解为
c1.operator + (c2)//c1为第一操作数。c2为第二操作数
友元函数实现运算符重载
friend complex operator -(const complex& c1,const complex& c2);//类内声明
complex operator -(const complex& c1,const complex& c2)//类外定义
{
return complex(_real - c._real, _imag - c._imag);
}
程序中c1-c2中减法为被重载后的复数减运算 ,表达式可以理解为
operator- (c1,c2)
一般来说,单目运算符重载常选用成员函数,双目运算符重载常选用友元函数
eg:
1.0 + c1; c1为类的对象
成员函数理解为: 1.0.operator + (c1) 显然是错误的
友元函数理解为: operator +(complex(1.0) ,c1)