Elasticsearch语法知多少之Match query

目录

目标

ES版本信息

官方文档

相关术语

创建相关的索引和文档（数据用于实战案例）

创建索引

索引文档

Match query常见参数实战

基本语法

analyzer(指定分词器查询)

operator(解释查询条件的布尔逻辑)

minimum_should_match(最少匹配数)

fuzzy(模糊搜索)

---

目标

掌握匹配查询，本文会列举各种常见的案例，通过这些案例来熟悉匹配查询各个参数的功能和使用方法。

---

ES版本信息

7.17.5

---

官方文档

Match queryhttps://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/7.17/query-dsl.html

---

相关术语

Match query

即匹配查询。返回与提供的文本、数字、日期或布尔值匹配的文档。在匹配之前分析提供的文本。匹配查询是执行全文搜索的标准查询，包括模糊匹配选项。

---

创建相关的索引和文档（数据用于实战案例）

创建索引

PUT /student_db
{
  "settings": {
    "index": {
      "analysis.analyzer.default.type": "ik_max_word"
    }
  }
}

PUT /address_list
{
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "province": {
        "type": "text",
        "copy_to": "fullAddress"
      },
      "city": {
        "type": "text",
        "copy_to": "fullAddress"
      },
      "county": {
        "type": "text",
        "copy_to": "fullAddress"
      }
    }
  },
  "settings": {
    "index": {
      "analysis.analyzer.default.type": "ik_max_word"
    }
  }
}

索引文档

PUT /student_db/_bulk
{"index":{"_id":"1"}}
{"province":"湖南省","city":"长沙市","county":"天心区","describe":"侠客岛服务员A。","stu_id":"10001","stu_name":"张三","age":10,"sex":true,"birthday":"2000-01-01","hobby":["唱歌","跳舞","篮球"],"examination_results":{"Math":{"value":98.5,"level":"优"},"English":{"value":87.5,"level":"良"}}}
{"index":{"_id":"2"}}
{"province":"湖南省","city":"长沙市","county":"芙蓉区","describe":"侠客岛服务员B。","stu_id":"10002","stu_name":"李四","age":12,"sex":true,"birthday":"1998-01-01","hobby":["唱歌","跳舞","游泳"],"examination_results":{"English":{"value":97.5,"level":"优"},"Chinese":{"value":85.5,"level":"良"}}}
{"index":{"_id":"3"}}
{"province":"湖北省","city":"武汉市","county":"江夏区","describe":"会九阳神功、乾坤大挪移、圣火令武功、太极拳，太极剑等武功。","stu_id":"10003","stu_name":"张无忌","age":11,"sex":false,"birthday":"1999-01-01","hobby":["乒乓球","跳舞","游泳"],"examination_results":{"Physics":{"value":77.5,"level":"一般"},"Chinese":{"value":100,"level":"优"}}}
{"index":{"_id":"4"}}
{"province":"湖北省","city":"黄石市","county":"铁山区","describe":"会黯然销魂掌、弹指神功、玉女剑法等武功。","stu_id":"10004","stu_name":"杨过","age":9,"sex":false,"birthday":"2001-01-01","hobby":["乒乓球","唱歌","游泳"],"examination_results":{"Chemistry":{"value":70.5,"level":"一般"},"Chinese":{"value":91.5,"level":"优"}}}
{"index":{"_id":"5"}}
{"province":"广东省","city":"广州市","county":"南沙区","describe":"辽国南院大王，精通降龙十八掌，真正的战神。","stu_id":"10005","stu_name":"萧峰","age":13,"sex":true,"birthday":"1997-01-01","hobby":["篮球","足球","乒乓球"],"examination_results":{"FineArts":{"value":92.5,"level":"优"},"Sports":{"value":91.5,"level":"优"}}}
{"index":{"_id":"6"}}
{"province":"广东省","city":"广州市","county":"南沙区","describe":"精通降龙十八掌，为国为民的侠之大者。","stu_id":"10006","stu_name":"郭靖","age":13,"sex":true,"birthday":"1997-01-01","hobby":["篮球","足球","乒乓球"],"examination_results":{"History":{"value":92.5,"level":"优"},"Chemistry":{"value":91.5,"level":"优"}}}
{"index":{"_id":"7"}}
{"province":"广东省","city":"广州市","county":"白云区","describe":"会降龙十八掌，逍遥派诸多武功。","stu_id":"10007","stu_name":"虚竹","age":14,"sex":false,"birthday":"1996-01-01","hobby":["篮球","足球","乒乓球"],"examination_results":{"History":{"value":90.5,"level":"优"},"Chemistry":{"value":94.5,"level":"优"}}}
{"index":{"_id":"8"}}
{"province":"广东省","city":"广州市","county":"白云区","describe":"会六脉神剑和北冥神功。","stu_id":"10008","stu_name":"段誉","age":14,"sex":false,"birthday":"1996-01-01","hobby":["篮球","足球","乒乓球"],"examination_results":{"History":{"value":90.5,"level":"优"},"Chemistry":{"value":94.5,"level":"优"}}}
{"index":{"_id":"9"}}
{"province":"广东省","city":"广州市","county":"白云区","describe":"以光复大燕国为己任，会斗转星移和参合指。","stu_id":"10009","stu_name":"慕容复","age":15,"sex":false,"birthday":"1995-01-01","hobby":["篮球","游泳","乒乓球"],"examination_results":{"History":{"value":90.5,"level":"优"},"Chemistry":{"value":94.5,"level":"优"}}}
{"index":{"_id":"10"}}
{"province":"广东省","city":"广州市","county":"白云区","describe":"斗转星移的创作者。","stu_id":"10010","stu_name":"慕容龙城","age":15,"sex":false,"birthday":"1995-01-01","hobby":["篮球","游泳","乒乓球"],"examination_results":{"History":{"value":90.5,"level":"优"}}}
{"index":{"_id":"11"}}
{"province":"北京市","city":"朝阳区","county":"三里屯街道","describe":"会少林七十二绝技，以佛法和慈悲度化慕容博和萧远山，是佛法和武功的集大成者。","stu_id":"10011","stu_name":"扫地僧","age":9,"sex":false,"birthday":"2001-01-01","hobby":["篮球","游泳","乒乓球"],"examination_results":{"History":{"value":100,"level":"优"},"Chinese":{"value":100,"level":"优"},"Chemistry":{"value":94.5,"level":"优"},"English":{"value":100,"level":"优"},"Physics":{"value":100,"level":"优"},"Math":{"value":100,"level":"优"}}}
{"index":{"_id":"12"}}
{"province":"湖南省","city":"长沙市","county":"天心区","describe":"九阴真经的作者，武学创作天赋真正的第一人。","stu_id":"10012","stu_name":"黄裳","age":10,"sex":true,"birthday":"2000-01-01","hobby":["唱歌","跳舞","篮球"],"examination_results":{"Math":{"value":98.5,"level":"优"},"English":{"value":87.5,"level":"良"}}}
{"index":{"_id":"13"}}
{"province":"湖南省","city":"长沙市","county":"天心区","describe":"根据九阴真经创作了九阳神功。","stu_id":"10013","stu_name":"斗酒僧","age":10,"sex":true,"birthday":"2000-01-01","hobby":["唱歌","跳舞","篮球"],"examination_results":{"Math":{"value":100,"level":"优"},"English":{"value":100,"level":"优"}}}
{"index":{"_id":"14"}}
{"province":"湖南省","city":"长沙市","county":"天心区","describe":"绝技先天功，大器晚成，第一届华山论剑夺得九阴真经。","stu_id":"10014","stu_name":"王重阳","age":10,"sex":true,"birthday":"2000-01-01","hobby":["唱歌","跳舞","篮球"],"examination_results":{"Math":{"value":100,"level":"优"},"English":{"value":100,"level":"优"}}}

PUT /address_list/_bulk
{ "index": { "_id": "1"} }  
{"province": "湖南省","city": "长沙市","county":"天心区"}
{ "index": { "_id": "2"} }  
{"province": "湖南省","city": "长沙市","county":"芙蓉区"}
{ "index": { "_id": "3"} }  
{"province": "广东省","city": "广州市","county":"白云区"}
{ "index": { "_id": "4"} }  
{"province": "湖北省","city": "武汉市","county":"江夏区"}
{ "index": { "_id": "4"} }  
{"province": "内蒙古自治区","city": "呼和浩特","county":"玉泉区"}

---

Match query常见参数实战

基本语法

需求：全文检索describe字段，匹配值为真经。

第一步：以ik分词器对真经分词，发现分词结果为："真经"。

POST _analyze
{
  "analyzer": "ik_max_word",
  "text": "真经"
}

第二步：匹配查询。

#方法一
GET /student_db/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "describe": "真经"
    }
  }
}

#方法二
GET /student_db/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "describe": {
        "query": "真经"
      }
    }
  }
}

---

analyzer(指定分词器查询)

需求：指定标准分词器全文检索describe字段，匹配值为真经。

第一步：以标准分词器对真经分词，发现分词结果为："真"，"经"。

POST _analyze
{
  "analyzer": "standard",
  "text": "真经"
}

第二步：指定标准分词器匹配查询。

GET /student_db/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "describe": {
        "query": "真经",
        "analyzer": "standard"
      }
    }
  }
}

---

operator(解释查询条件的布尔逻辑)

需求：对省市县合并后的字段做匹配查询，查询条件是"湖南天心区"。用AND和OR演示该参数的使用方法。

第一步：以ik分词器对"湖南天心区"分词，发现分词结果为："湖南"，"南天"，"天心区"，"天心"，"区"。

POST _analyze
{
  "analyzer": "ik_max_word",
  "text": "湖南天心区"
}

第二步：对于operator参数分别用AND和OR演来查询。发现用AND查不到数据，因为用ik分词器对fullAddress对应的全地址分词，发现没有一个地址分词以后同时拥有"湖南"，"南天"，"天心区"，"天心"，"区"。而用OR则可以查到数据，因为OR只要地址分词以后有一个分词在"湖南"，"南天"，"天心区"，"天心"，"区"就能匹配。注意：该参数默认值为OR。

GET /address_list/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "fullAddress": {
        "query": "湖南天心区",
        "operator": "AND"
      }
    }
  }
}

GET /address_list/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "fullAddress": {
        "query": "湖南天心区",
        "operator": "OR"
      }
    }
  }
}

---

minimum_should_match(最少匹配数)

需求一：对省市县合并后的字段做匹配查询，查询条件是"湖南天心区"。分别设置最少匹配数量为3、2、1，比较它们最终返回的结果。

第一步：以ik分词器对"湖南天心区"分词，发现分词结果为："湖南"，"南天"，"天心区"，"天心"，"区"。这里我们可以说分词总数是5个，或者说子句数量是5个。

POST _analyze
{
  "analyzer": "ik_max_word",
  "text": "湖南天心区"
}

第二步：查询。发现数字越大，返回的数据越精准；数字越小，返回的数据越多。所以实际生产中需要合理配置该值。

GET /address_list/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "fullAddress": {
        "query": "湖南天心区",
        "minimum_should_match":3
      }
    }
  }
}

GET /address_list/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "fullAddress": {
        "query": "湖南天心区",
        "minimum_should_match":2
      }
    }
  }
}

GET /address_list/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "fullAddress": {
        "query": "湖南天心区",
        "minimum_should_match":1
      }
    }
  }
}

需求二：对省市县合并后的字段做匹配查询，查询条件是"湖南天心区"。分别设置最少匹配数量为1<60%、1<59%，比较它们最终返回的结果。

第一步：根据需求一得出以ik分词器对"湖南天心区"分词，发现分词结果为："湖南"，"南天"，"天心区"，"天心"，"区"。

第二步：查询。发现minimum_should_match=1<60%查询1个文档，minimum_should_match=1<59%查询2个文档。因为子句数量为5，则既要满足minimum_should_match=1，又要满足minimum_should_match=百分比数。

GET /address_list/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "fullAddress": {
        "query": "湖南天心区",
        "minimum_should_match":"1<60%"
      }
    }
  }
}

GET /address_list/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "fullAddress": {
        "query": "湖南天心区",
        "minimum_should_match":"1<59%"
      }
    }
  }
}

附录

官方文档中描述了该参数可以拥有多种类型的值，比如按照分词数的百分比计算，这里列出了使用方法。

类型	取值案例	描述
正整数	3	分词数量至少匹配3个才符合条件。
负整数	-2	minimum_should_match=子句数量+这个负整数。该负数越小，查询到的数据越多。如果这个负整数太小，小于分词总数，则表示minimum_should_match=1。
正百分比	75%	符合子句数量的75%则匹配成功，比如子句数量是4，则需要至少有3个分词匹配，该文档才能被匹配；但是子句数量是5，则只需要3个匹配即可，即minimum_should_match=向下取整(子句数量X正百分比)。
负百分比	-25%	符合子句数量的（100%-25%）则匹配成功，比如子句数量是4，则需要至少有3个分词匹配，该文档才能被匹配；但是子句数量是5，则只需要4个匹配即可，即minimum_should_match=向上取整(子句数量X(100%+负百分比))。
组合	1<60%	见需求二的实现过程。
多种组合	2<60% 9<-4	用空格隔开，如果子句数量小于等于2，则每个组合都要匹配，如果数量为3到9个，则需要匹配60%，如果大于9，则需要匹配minimum_should_match=子句数量-4。

---

fuzzy(模糊搜索)

参数

fuzziness(编辑距离)：输入的关键词通过几次操作可以转变为文档中对应的字段的值，这里的操作表示增删改以及相邻字符位置的交换。

#修改"制"变成"治"，为1次。
内蒙古自制区->内蒙古自治区
#新增"治区"，为2次。
内蒙古自->内蒙古自治区
#删除"区"，为1次。
内蒙古自治区区->内蒙古自治区
#交换"治自"为"自治"，为1次。
内蒙古治自区->内蒙古自治区

默认值为0表示不开启模糊搜索。为1表示允许一次修改，如：文档中字段的值为"内蒙古自治区"，此时的搜索条件为"内蒙古古自治区"、"内蒙股自治区"、"内蒙自治区"，"内蒙古治自区"都可以搜索出该文档，因为搜索条件只经过了一次修改操作。要特别注意：

1. fuzzy最大为2；
2. 搜索关键词长度=2，不允许存在模糊；
3. 搜索关键词长度为3-5，允许1次模糊；
4. 搜索关键词长度大于5，允许2次模糊。
5. 官方推荐使用"AUTO"，即根据情况自动设定。

prefix_length(前缀长度)：模糊搜索时，要求搜索关键词的前缀必须匹配，这里的匹配长度由该参数控制。

需求一：输入关键词模糊搜索省份字段，通过控制编辑距离和前缀长度熟悉两个参数的使用方法。

GET /address_list/_search
{
  "query": {
    "fuzzy": {
      "province": {
        "value":"湖x省",
        "fuzziness": 1
      }
    }
  }
}

GET /address_list/_search
{
  "query": {
    "fuzzy": {
      "province": {
        "value":"湖x省",
        "fuzziness": 1,
        "prefix_length":2
      }
    }
  }
}

GET /address_list/_search
{
  "query": {
    "fuzzy": {
      "province": {
        "value":"内蒙自治区",
        "fuzziness": 1,
        "prefix_length":2
      }
    }
  }
}

GET /address_list/_search
{
  "query": {
    "fuzzy": {
      "province": {
        "value":"内蒙古字智区",
        "fuzziness": 2,
        "prefix_length":2
      }
    }
  }
}

GET /address_list/_search
{
  "query": {
    "fuzzy": {
      "province": {
        "value":"内蒙古治自区",
        "fuzziness": 1,
        "prefix_length":2
      }
    }
  }
}