什么是下载器中间件?
下载器中间件是引擎和下载器之间通信的中间件我么可以设置代理、更换请求头来达到反反爬虫的目的。要在下载器中实现两个方法:
process_request(self.request,spider) 这个方法是在请求发送之前会执行,process_response(self.request,response.spider)这个方法是数据下载到引擎之前执行的。
def process_request(self, request, spider):
# Called for each request that goes through the downloader
# middleware.
# 每个交给下载器的request对象都会经过该方法,并期望返回response
# Must either:
# 如果该方法返回的是None,则继续执行其他下载中间件的process_request方法送往下载器,直到合适的下载器函数被调用,该request被执行,返回response
# - return None: continue processing this request
# 如果该方法返回的是response,则终止当前流程,也终止继续调用其他process_request方法,将该response通过引擎返回给爬虫
# - or return a Response object
# 如果该方法返回的是request,则终止当前流程,也终止继续调用其他process_request方法,将request返回给调度器,大多数情况是更换新的request请求
# - or return a Request object
# 抛出IgnoreRequest异常, 该异常就会交个process_exception方法进行处理; 如果没有任何一个方法处理该异常
# 那么该请求就直接被忽略了, 也不会记录错误日志.
# - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of
# installed downloader middleware will be called
return None
def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
# Called with the response returned from the downloader.
# 当下载器完成http请求,返回响应给引擎的时候调用
# Must either;
# 如果返回response,则继续执行,其他下载中间件也会处理该response,直至交给引擎再交给爬虫
# - return a Response object
# 如果返回request,则中间件终止,该request返回引擎再给调度器
# - return a Request object
# 抛出 IgnoreRequest 异常; 该请求就被忽略了且不做记录
# - or raise IgnoreRequest
return response
以下操作皆在middlewares.py文件中,要在setting文件中进行启动注意其优先权(数字小优先级高)
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
‘carhome.middlewares.UseragengtMiddlewar’: 543,
}
- 设置随即请求头 当然要在setting文件中开启这个中间件类
获取user-agent的地址http://www.useragentstring.com/pages/useragentstring.php
import random
class UseragengtMiddlewar(object):
USER_AGENTS=[
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.77 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML like Gecko) Chrome/44.0.2403.155 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2228.0 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2227.0 Safari/537.36'
]
def procss_request(self,request,spider):
user_agent=random.choice(self.USER_AGENTS)
request.headers['User-Agent']=user_agent
- 设置ip代理池和独享代理配置同样要setting文件设置开启此中间件
class IPProxyMiddlewar(object):
PROXIES=['60.13.42.183:9999','117.91.249.180:9999','221.210.120.153:54402','47.105.146.57:8118']
def procss_request(self, request, spider):
proxy=random.choice(self.PROXIES)
request.meta['proxy']=proxy
- 设置selenium对动态页面请求的访问同样要setting文件设置开启此中间件
from selenium import webdriver
from scrapy.http.response.html import HtmlResponse
class SeleniumMiddlewar(object):
def __init__(self):
self.driver=webdriver.Chrome()
def process_request(self,request,spider):
self.driver.get(request.url)
"""
之间可以进行其他操作selenium操作比如获取整个下拉列表
"""
source=self.driver.page_source
#返回的页面response
response=HtmlResponse(url=self.driver.current_url,body=source,request=request,encoding='utf8')
return response