一篇文章带你搞懂观察者模式

观察者模式

1、目的

  观察者模式使得一个对象的状态改变时，已经注册的其它依赖对象能够观察到这一改变。

2、观察者和被观察者关系

  对象之间一对多的一种设计方案，被依赖的对象为被观察者，依赖的对象为Observer（观察者）。当被观察者的状态发生变化，所有的依赖对象Observer都将被通知，属于行为型模式。

3、UML

• Subject：通常是由类实现的可观察的接口
  • registerObserver()：注册观察者
  • removeObserver()：移除观察者
  • notifyObservers()：通知注册的所有观察者
  • notifyObservers(Observer o)：通知具体的观察者
• Observer：观察者是一个由对象实现的接口，根据Subject中的更改接受输入来进行更新。每个观察者都应该实现update方法，该方法通知它们新的状态变化。
• ConcreteSubject：一个实现Subject的类，它处理观察者列表并更新他们的变化。

4、代码实现

4.1、demo：天气

气象站把每天测量到的天气实时推送到第三方

• Subject

package com.lin.observer.demo2;

/**
 * @author linxh
 */
public interface Subject {

    void registerObserver(Observer observer);

    void removerObserver(Observer observer);

    void notifyObservers();

    void notifyObservers(Observer observer);

}

• Observer

package com.lin.observer.demo2;

/**
 * @author linxh
 */
public interface Observer {

    void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity);
}

• ConcreteSubject

package com.lin.observer.demo2;

import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * @author linxh
 */
public class Weather implements Subject {

    private float temperature;
    private float pressure;
    private float humidity;

    private final Set<Observer> observers;

    public Weather() {
        observers = new HashSet<>();
    }

    public void setData(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
        this.temperature = temperature;
        this.pressure = pressure;
        this.humidity = humidity;
        notifyObservers();
    }

    @Override
    public void registerObserver(Observer observer) {
        observers.add(observer);
    }

    @Override
    public void removerObserver(Observer observer) {
        observers.remove(observer);
    }

    @Override
    public void notifyObservers() {
        observers.forEach(o -> o.update(temperature, pressure, humidity));
    }

    @Override
    public void notifyObservers(Observer observer) {
        observer.update(temperature, pressure, humidity);
    }
}

• ConcreteObserver

package com.lin.observer.demo2;

/**
 * @author linxh
 */
public class Sina implements Observer {

    private float temperature;
    private float pressure;
    private float humidity;

    @Override
    public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
        this.temperature = temperature;
        this.pressure = pressure;
        this.humidity = humidity;
        display();
    }

    public void display() {
        System.out.println("新浪天气温度：" + this.temperature);
        System.out.println("新浪天气压力：" + this.pressure);
        System.out.println("新浪天气湿度：" + this.humidity);
    }
}

package com.lin.observer.demo2;

/**
 * @author linxh
 */
public class Baidu implements Observer {

    private float temperature;
    private float pressure;
    private float humidity;

    @Override
    public void update(float temperature, float pressure, float humidity) {
        this.temperature = temperature;
        this.pressure = pressure;
        this.humidity = humidity;
        display();
    }

    public void display() {
        System.out.println("百度天气温度：" + this.temperature);
        System.out.println("百度天气压力：" + this.pressure);
        System.out.println("百度天气湿度：" + this.humidity);
    }
}

• 测试

package com.lin.observer.demo2;

/**
 * @author linxh
 */
public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Weather weather = new Weather();
        Sina sina = new Sina();
        weather.registerObserver(sina);
        System.out.println("第一次天气信息");
        weather.setData(10, 10, 10);

        Baidu baidu = new Baidu();
        weather.registerObserver(baidu);
        System.out.println("第二次天气信息");
        weather.setData(20,20,20);

        weather.removerObserver(sina);
        System.out.println("第三次天气信息");
        weather.setData(30,30,30);
    }
}

• 结果

第一次天气信息
新浪天气温度：10.0
新浪天气压力：10.0
新浪天气湿度：10.0
第二次天气信息
百度天气温度：20.0
百度天气压力：20.0
百度天气湿度：20.0
新浪天气温度：20.0
新浪天气压力：20.0
新浪天气湿度：20.0
第三次天气信息
百度天气温度：30.0
百度天气压力：30.0
百度天气湿度：30.0

4.2、demo：数值转换

输入一个输出其二进制、十进制、十六进制

• Subject

package com.lin.observer.demo1;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * @author linxh
 */
public class Subject {
    private final List<Observer> observers;
    private int number;

    public Subject() {
        observers = new ArrayList<>();
    }

    public void setNumber(int number) {
        this.number = number;
        notifyAllObservers();
    }

    public int getNumber() {
        return number;
    }

    public void registerObserver(Observer observer) {
        observers.add(observer);
    }

    public void notifyAllObservers() {
        observers.forEach(Observer::update);
    }
}

• Observer

package com.lin.observer.demo1;

/**
 * @author linxh
 */
public interface Observer {

    void update();
}

• ConcreteObserver

package com.lin.observer.demo1;

/**
 * @author linxh
 */
public class BinaryObserver implements Observer {

    private final Subject subject;

    public BinaryObserver(Subject subject) {
        this.subject = subject;
        this.subject.registerObserver(this);
    }

    @Override
    public void update() {
        System.out.println("Binary String：" + Integer.toBinaryString(subject.getNumber()));
    }
}

package com.lin.observer.demo1;

/**
 * @author linxh
 */
public class OctalObserver implements Observer {

    private final Subject subject;

    public OctalObserver(Subject subject) {
        this.subject = subject;
        this.subject.registerObserver(this);
    }

    @Override
    public void update() {
        System.out.println("Octal String: " + Integer.toOctalString(subject.getNumber()));
    }
}

package com.lin.observer.demo1;


/**
 * @author linxh
 */
public class HexObserver implements Observer {

    private final Subject subject;

    public HexObserver(Subject subject) {
        this.subject = subject;
        this.subject.registerObserver(this);
    }

    @Override
    public void update() {
        System.out.println("Hex String: " + Integer.toHexString(subject.getNumber()));
    }
}

• 测试

package com.lin.observer.demo1;

/**
 * @author lin
 * @version V1.0
 */
public class Client {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Subject subject = new Subject();
        new HexObserver(subject);
        new OctalObserver(subject);
        new BinaryObserver(subject);
        System.out.println("First number change: 15");
        subject.setNumber(15);
        System.out.println("Second number change: 12");
        subject.setNumber(12);
    }
}

• 结果

First number change: 15
Hex String: f
Octal String: 17
Binary String：1111
Second number change: 12
Hex String: c
Octal String: 14
new BinaryObserver(subject);
System.out.println(“First number change: 15”);
subject.setNumber(15);
System.out.println(“Second number change: 12”);
subject.setNumber(12);
}
}