本文介绍了Python3中的urllib库，用于HTTP请求。讲解了如何利用urllib请求网页并获取源码，以及使用urlretrieve方法保存网页到本地。还讨论了URL编码与解码的重要性，并展示了编码和解码的过程。
urllib库是python官方提供的一个http请求库,在python3中的urllib库其实是把python2里的urllib库和urllib2整合在一起的.我们这里主要说的就是python3
首先开发环境:
系统: windows10
开发语言: Python3
IDE: pytharm
东西都准备好了就进入我们今天的主题.
如何使用urllib快速的请求一个网站并且获得网站的源码,
import urllib.request # 首先,从urllib库中导入内置函数request ''' 在这里给大家解释一下什么是url? url是Uniform Resource Locator的简写 代表的含义就是统一资源定位符(就是平时我们称之为网址的东西). 那什么是统一资源定位符? 统一资源定位符是统一资源标志符的一个下种。统一资源标志符确定一个资源，而统一资源定位符不但确定一个资源，而且还表示出它在哪里。 ''' url = 'http://www.baidu.com' html = urllib.request.urlopen(url) # urllib库中提供了一个request函数用urlopen的方法打开我们网址,并且赋值给html html_content = html.read()# 返回的数据,用read方法读取里面的内容(内容其实是一个很长的字符串),并且用html_conten变量保存为一个对象 print(html.readline())# 因为我们的真实网页其实是有结构的,所以我们也可以通过readline方法来读取一行数据 print(html_content) # 打印以想我们读取出来的内容
执行结果:
b''
b'<!DOCTYPE html>\n<!--STATUS OK-->\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n \r\n\t\t\t \r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t \r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t \r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t \r\n\t\t\t \r\n\r\n\t\r\n \r\n\t\t\t \r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t \r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t \r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t \r\n\t\t\t \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\r\n\n<html>\n<head>\n \n <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">\n <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge">\n\t<meta content="always" name="referrer">\n <meta name="theme-color" content="#2932e1">\n <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />\n <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/content-search.xml" title="\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2" />\n <link rel="icon" sizes="any" mask href="//www.baidu.com/img/baidu_85beaf5496f291521eb75ba38eacbd87.svg">\n\t\n\t\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//s1.bdstatic.com"/>\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t1.baidu.com"/>\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t2.baidu.com"/>\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t3.baidu.com"/>\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t10.baidu.com"/>\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t11.baidu.com"/>\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t12.baidu.com"/>\n\t<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//b1.bdstatic.com"/>\n \n <title>\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe4\xb8\x80\xe4\xb8\x8b\xef\xbc\x8c\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xb0\xb1\xe7\x9f\xa5\xe9\x81\x93</title>\n \r\n\r\n<style id="css_index" index="index" type="text/css">html,body{height:100%}\nhtml{overflow-y:auto}\nbody{font:12px arial;text-align:;background:#fff}\nbody,p,form,ul,li{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}\nbody,form,#fm{position:relative}\ntd{text-align:left}\nimg{border:0}\na{color:#00c}\na:active{color:#f60}\ninput{border:0;padding:0}\n#wrapper{position:relative;_position:;min-height:100%}\n#head{padding-bottom:100px;text-align:center;*z-index:1}\n#ftCon{height:50px;position:absolute;bottom:47px;text-align:left;width:100%;margin:0 auto;z-index:0;overflow:hidden}\n.ftCon-Wrapper{overflow:hidden;margin:0 auto;text-align:center;*width:640px}\n.qrcodeCon{text-align:center;position:absolute;bottom:140px;height:60px;width:100%}\n#qrcode{display:inline-block;*float:left;*margin-top:4px}\n#qrcode .qrcode-item{float:left}\n#qrcode .qrcode-item-2{margin-left:33px}\n#qrcode .qrcode-img{width:60px;height:60px}\n#qrcode .qrcode-item-1 .qrcode-img{background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/zbios_efde696.png) 0 0 no-repeat}\n#qrcode .qrcode-item-2 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a{color:#999}\n#ftConw{text-align:center;margin-left:0}\n.bg{background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_5859e57.png);background-repeat:no-repeat;_background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_d5b04cc.gif)}\n.c-icon{display:inline-block;width:14px;height:14px;vertical-align:text-bottom;font-style:normal;overflow:hidden;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_5859e57.png) no-repeat 0 0;_background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_d5b04cc.gif)}\n.c-icon-triangle-down-blue{background-position:-480px -168px}\n.c-icon-chevron-unfold2{background-position:-504px -168px}\n#m{width:720px;margin:0 auto}\n#nv a,#nv b,.btn,#lk{font-size:14px}\n#nv{height:19px;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 4px;text-align:left;text-indent:137px}\n.s_btn{width:95px;height:32px;padding-top:2px\\9;font-size:14px;background-color:#ddd;background-position:0 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a{margin-left:62px}\n#lh #seth,#lh #setf{margin-left:0}\n#lk{position:absolute;display:none;top:0;right:0;margin:33px 0}\n#lk span{font:14px "\xe5\xae\x8b\xe4\xbd\x93"}\n#nv{position:absolute;display:none;top:0;right:0}\n#lm{color:#666;width:100%;height:60px;margin-top:60px;line-height:15px;font-size:13px;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}\n#lm a{color:#666}\n#pad-version{line-height:40px}\n.s_ipt_wr.bg,.s_btn_wr.bg,#su.bg{background-image:none}\n.s_btn_wr{width:auto;height:auto;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;*border-bottom:0}\n.s_btn{width:100px;height:36px;color:#fff;font-size:15px;letter-spacing:1px;background:#3385ff;border-bottom:1px solid #2d78f4;outline:medium;*border-bottom:0;-webkit-appearance:none;-webkit-border-radius:0}\n.s_btn.btnhover{background:#317ef3;border-bottom:1px solid #2868c8;*border-bottom:0;box-shadow:1px 1px 1px #ccc}\n.s_btn_h{background:#3075dc;box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb;-moz-box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb;-o-box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb}\n#result_logo{display:none}\n#index_logo img{display:inline-block;width:270px;height:129px}\n#s_tab{display:none}\n.s_form{position:relative;top:38.2%}\n.s_form_wrapper{position:relative;top:-191px}\n.s_ipt_wr{height:34px}\n#head .c-icon-bear-round{display:none}\n#form{margin:22px auto 0;width:641px;text-align:left;z-index:100}\n#form .bdsug,#fm .bdsug{top:35px}\n.bdsug{display:none;position:absolute;width:538px;background:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc;_overflow:hidden;box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed;-o-box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed}\n.bdsug.bdsugbg ul{background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/sugbg_1762fe7.png) 100% 100% no-repeat;background-size:100px 110px;background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/sugbg_90fc9cf.gif)\\9}\n.bdsug li{width:522px;color:#000;font:14px arial;line-height:25px;padding:0 8px;position:relative;cursor:default}\n.bdsug li.bdsug-s{background:#f0f0f0}\n.bdsug-store span,.bdsug-store b{color:#7A77C8}\n.bdsug-store-del{font-size:12px;color:#666;text-decoration:underline;position:absolute;right:8px;top:0;cursor:pointer;display:none}\n.bdsug-s .bdsug-store-del{display:inline-block}\n.bdsug-ala{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6}\n.bdsug-ala h3{line-height:14px;background:url(//www.baidu.com/img/sug_bd.png) no-repeat left center;margin:8px 0 5px;font-size:12px;font-weight:400;color:#7B7B7B;padding-left:20px}\n.bdsug-ala p{font-size:14px;font-weight:700;padding-left:20px}\n.bdsug .bdsug-direct{width:auto;padding:0;border-bottom:1px solid #f1f1f1}\n.bdsug .bdsug-direct p{color:#00c;font-weight:700;line-height:34px;padding:0 8px;cursor:pointer;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}\n.bdsug .bdsug-direct p img{width:16px;height:16px;margin:7px 6px 9px 0;vertical-align:middle}\n.bdsug .bdsug-direct p span{margin-left:8px}\n.bdsug .bdsug-direct p i{font-size:12px;line-height:100%;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;color:#fff;background-color:#2b99ff;display:inline;text-align:center;padding:1px 5px;*padding:2px 5px 0;margin-left:8px;overflow:hidden}\n.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect{color:#000;font-size:14px;line-height:30px;height:30px;background-color:#f8f8f8}\n.bdsug .bdsug-pc-direct-tip{position:absolute;right:15px;top:8px;width:55px;height:15px;display:block;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/pc_direct_42d6311.png) no-repeat 0 0}\n.bdsug li.bdsug-pcDirect-s{background-color:#f0f0f0}\n.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-is{color:#000;font-size:14px;line-height:22px;background-color:#f8f8f8}\n.bdsug .bdsug-pc-direct-tip-is{position:absolute;right:15px;top:3px;width:55px;height:15px;display:block;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/pc_direct_42d6311.png) no-repeat 0 0}\n.bdsug li.bdsug-pcDirect-is-s{background-color:#f0f0f0}\n.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-s .bdsug-pc-direct-tip,.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-is-s .bdsug-pc-direct-tip-is{background-position:0 -15px}\n.bdsug .bdsug-newicon{color:#929292;opacity:.7;font-size:12px;display:inline-block;line-height:22px;letter-spacing:2px}\n.bdsug .bdsug-s .bdsug-newicon{opacity:1}\n.bdsug .bdsug-newicon i{letter-spacing:0;font-style:normal}\n.toggle-underline{text-decoration:none}\n.toggle-underline:hover{text-decoration:underline}\n.tools{position:absolute;right:-75px}\n#mHolder{width:62px;position:relative;z-index:296;display:none}\n#mCon{height:18px;line-height:18px;position:absolute;cursor:pointer}\n#mCon span{color:#00c;display:block;width:24px}\n#mCon .hw{text-decoration:underline;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block}\n#mCon .pinyin{display:inline-block}\n#mCon .c-icon-chevron-unfold2{margin-left:5px}\n#mMenu a{width:100%;height:100%;display:block;line-height:22px;text-indent:6px;text-decoration:none;filter:none\\9}\n#mMenu,#user ul{box-shadow:1px 1px 2px #ccc;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 2px #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 2px #ccc;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Shadow(Strength=2, Direction=135, Color=#cccccc)\\9}\n#mMenu{width:56px;border:1px solid #9b9b9b;list-style:none;position:absolute;right:27px;top:28px;display:none;background:#fff}\n#mMenu a:hover{background:#ebebeb}\n#mMenu .ln{height:1px;background:#ebebeb;overflow:hidden;font-size:1px;line-height:1px;margin-top:-1px}\n#u1 a:link,#u1 a:visited{color:#666;text-decoration:none}\n#u1 a:hover,#u1 a:active{text-decoration:underline}\n#u1 a:active{color:#00c}\n#u1{z-index:2;color:#fff;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:19px 0 5px;padding:0 96px 0 0}\n#u1 .reg{display:none}\n#u1 a.pf,#u1 a.pf:visited{display:inline-block;float:left;color:#333;line-height:24px;font-size:13px;margin-left:20px;overflow:hidden;text-decoration:underline}\n#u1 a.lb,#u1 a.lb:visited,#u1 a.username{display:inline-block;float:left;color:#333;font-size:13px;line-height:24px;margin-left:20px;text-decoration:underline}\n#u1 a.bri,#u1 a.bri:visited{display:inline-block;position:absolute;right:10px;width:60px;height:23px;float:left;color:#fff;background:#38f;line-height:24px;font-size:13px;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;border-bottom:1px solid #38f;margin-left:19px;margin-right:2px}\n#u1 a.bri.brihover{display:none;text-decoration:none;color:#333;background:0 0;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;margin-left:19px}\n#u1 #lm a{color:#00c;text-decoration:underline}\n#u1 a.mnav,#u1 a.mnav:visited{float:left;color:#333;font-weight:700;line-height:24px;margin-left:20px;font-size:13px;text-decoration:underline}\n#u1 a.pf:hover,#u1 a.lb:hover,#u1 a.mnav:hover{color:#00c}\n.briiconsbg{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:300px 18px;background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_0c37e9b.png);background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_809ae65.gif)\\9}\n.bdpfmenu{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #d1d1d1;position:absolute;right:160px;width:68px;top:36px;margin-top:-1px;_margin-top:-3px;z-index:2;box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-o-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1}\n.bdpfmenu a{display:block;text-align:left;margin:0!important;padding:0 9px;line-height:26px;text-decoration:none}\n#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:link,#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:visited{background:#fff;color:#333}\n#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:hover,#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:active{background:#38f;text-decoration:none;color:#fff}\n#wrapper .bdnuarrow{width:0;height:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;display:block;position:absolute;top:-10px;left:50%;margin-left:-5px}\n#wrapper .bdnuarrow em,#wrapper .bdnuarrow i{width:0;height:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;display:block;position:absolute;border:5px solid transparent;border-style:dashed dashed solid}\n#wrapper .bdnuarrow em{border-bottom-color:#d8d8d8;top:-1px}\n#wrapper .bdnuarrow i{border-bottom-color:#fff;top:0}\n.s-isindex-wrap #wrapper .bdnuarrow{height:13px;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_0c37e9b.png) no-repeat -90px -1px}\n#wrapper .bdnuarrow.bdbriarrow{right:104px;display:none!important}\n#wrapper .bdbri{width:85px;min-height:100px;border-left:1px solid #e7e7e7;position:absolute;background-color:#f9f9f9;overflow:hidden;z-index:2;right:0;top:0}\n#prefpanel{background:#fafafa;display:none;opacity:0;position:fixed;_position:absolute;top:-359px;z-index:1000;width:100%;min-width:960px;border-bottom:1px solid #ebebeb}\n#prefpanel form{_width:850px}\n#wrapper .bdbriimgtitle{color:#333;text-align:center;width:66px;height:43px;line-height:43px;padding-top:9px;margin:0 auto;border-bottom:#f0f0f0 1px solid;font-size:13px;cursor:default}\n#wrapper .briscrollwrapper{overflow:hidden}\n#wrapper .briscrollwrapperContainer{position:relative}\n#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdmainlink a,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdothlink a{display:block;text-align:center;width:66px;height:76px;margin:0 auto;border-bottom:#f0f0f0 1px solid;color:#666;text-decoration:none;overflow:hidden}\n#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdmainlink a:visited,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdothlink a:visited{color:#666}\n#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdmainlink a:hover,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdothlink a:hover{color:#666;text-decoration:underline}\n#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdmainlink a:active,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdothlink a:active{color:#00c;text-decoration:underline}\n#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span{width:36px;height:36px;display:block;margin:10px auto 5px;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/logos/bdbri_icons_0a62ce1.png) no-repeat;cursor:pointer}\n#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrimore,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore{clear:both;text-align:center}\n#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore{margin-top:15px;height:30px;width:85px;overflow:hidden}\n#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_1{background-position:0 0}\n#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg 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