图像风格迁移

%matplotlib inline
import time
import torch
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torchvision
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from PIL import Image

import sys
sys.path.append("/home/kesci/input") 
import d2len9900 as d2l
device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu') # 均已测试

print(device, torch.__version__)

#d2l.set_figsize()
content_img = Image.open('/home/kesci/input/NeuralStyle5603/rainier.jpg')
plt.imshow(content_img);

style_img = Image.open('/home/kesci/input/NeuralStyle5603/autumn_oak.jpg')
plt.imshow(style_img);

rgb_mean = np.array([0.485, 0.456, 0.406])
rgb_std = np.array([0.229, 0.224, 0.225])

def preprocess(PIL_img, image_shape):
    process = torchvision.transforms.Compose([
        torchvision.transforms.Resize(image_shape),
        torchvision.transforms.ToTensor(),
        torchvision.transforms.Normalize(mean=rgb_mean, std=rgb_std)])

    return process(PIL_img).unsqueeze(dim = 0) # (batch_size, 3, H, W)

def postprocess(img_tensor):
    inv_normalize = torchvision.transforms.Normalize(
        mean= -rgb_mean / rgb_std,
        std= 1/rgb_std)
    to_PIL_image = torchvision.transforms.ToPILImage()
    return to_PIL_image(inv_normalize(img_tensor[0].cpu()).clamp(0, 1))

抽取特征

我们使用基于ImageNet数据集预训练的VGG-19模型来抽取图像特征 [1]。

!echo $TORCH_HOME # 将会把预训练好的模型下载到此处(没有输出的话默认是.cache/torch)
pretrained_net = torchvision.models.vgg19(pretrained=False)
pretrained_net.load_state_dict(torch.load('/home/kesci/input/vgg193427/vgg19-dcbb9e9d.pth'))

style_layers, content_layers = [0, 5, 10, 19, 28], [25]

net_list = []
for i in range(max(content_layers + style_layers) + 1):
    net_list.append(pretrained_net.features[i])
net = torch.nn.Sequential(*net_list)

def extract_features(X, content_layers, style_layers):
    contents = []
    styles = []
    for i in range(len(net)):
        X = net[i](X)
        if i in style_layers:
            styles.append(X)
        if i in content_layers:
            contents.append(X)
    return contents, styles

def get_contents(image_shape, device):
    content_X = preprocess(content_img, image_shape).to(device)
    contents_Y, _ = extract_features(content_X, content_layers, style_layers)
    return content_X, contents_Y

def get_styles(image_shape, device):
    style_X = preprocess(style_img, image_shape).to(device)
    _, styles_Y = extract_features(style_X, content_layers, style_layers)
    return style_X, styles_Y

def content_loss(Y_hat, Y):
    return F.mse_loss(Y_hat, Y)

def gram(X):
    num_channels, n = X.shape[1], X.shape[2] * X.shape[3]
    X = X.view(num_channels, n)
    return torch.matmul(X, X.t()) / (num_channels * n)

def style_loss(Y_hat, gram_Y):
    return F.mse_loss(gram(Y_hat), gram_Y)

def tv_loss(Y_hat):
    return 0.5 * (F.l1_loss(Y_hat[:, :, 1:, :], Y_hat[:, :, :-1, :]) + 
                  F.l1_loss(Y_hat[:, :, :, 1:], Y_hat[:, :, :, :-1]))

损失函数

样式迁移的损失函数即内容损失、样式损失和总变差损失的加权和。通过调节这些权值超参数，我们可以权衡合成图像在保留内容、迁移样式以及降噪三方面的相对重要性。

content_weight, style_weight, tv_weight = 1, 1e3, 10

def compute_loss(X, contents_Y_hat, styles_Y_hat, contents_Y, styles_Y_gram):
    # 分别计算内容损失、样式损失和总变差损失
    contents_l = [content_loss(Y_hat, Y) * content_weight for Y_hat, Y in zip(
        contents_Y_hat, contents_Y)]
    styles_l = [style_loss(Y_hat, Y) * style_weight for Y_hat, Y in zip(
        styles_Y_hat, styles_Y_gram)]
    tv_l = tv_loss(X) * tv_weight
    # 对所有损失求和
    l = sum(styles_l) + sum(contents_l) + tv_l
    return contents_l, styles_l, tv_l, l

创建和初始化合成图像

在样式迁移中，合成图像是唯一需要更新的变量。因此，我们可以定义一个简单的模型GeneratedImage，并将合成图像视为模型参数。模型的前向计算只需返回模型参数即可。

class GeneratedImage(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, img_shape):
        super(GeneratedImage, self).__init__()
        self.weight = torch.nn.Parameter(torch.rand(*img_shape))

    def forward(self):
        return self.weight

def get_inits(X, device, lr, styles_Y):
    gen_img = GeneratedImage(X.shape).to(device)
    gen_img.weight.data = X.data
    optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(gen_img.parameters(), lr=lr)
    styles_Y_gram = [gram(Y) for Y in styles_Y]
    return gen_img(), styles_Y_gram, optimizer

训练

在训练模型时，我们不断抽取合成图像的内容特征和样式特征，并计算损失函数。

def train(X, contents_Y, styles_Y, device, lr, max_epochs, lr_decay_epoch):
    print("training on ", device)
    X, styles_Y_gram, optimizer = get_inits(X, device, lr, styles_Y)
    scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer, lr_decay_epoch, gamma=0.1)
    for i in range(max_epochs):
        start = time.time()
        
        contents_Y_hat, styles_Y_hat = extract_features(
                X, content_layers, style_layers)
        contents_l, styles_l, tv_l, l = compute_loss(
                X, contents_Y_hat, styles_Y_hat, contents_Y, styles_Y_gram)
        
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        l.backward(retain_graph = True)
        optimizer.step()
        scheduler.step()
        
        if i % 50 == 0 and i != 0:
            print('epoch %3d, content loss %.2f, style loss %.2f, '
                  'TV loss %.2f, %.2f sec'
                  % (i, sum(contents_l).item(), sum(styles_l).item(), tv_l.item(),
                     time.time() - start))
    return X.detach()

下面我们开始训练模型。首先将内容图像和样式图像的高和宽分别调整为150和225像素。合成图像将由内容图像来初始化。

image_shape =  (150, 225)
net = net.to(device)
content_X, contents_Y = get_contents(image_shape, device)
style_X, styles_Y = get_styles(image_shape, device)
output = train(content_X, contents_Y, styles_Y, device, 0.01, 500, 200)

下面我们将训练好的合成图像保存起来。可以看到图9.14中的合成图像保留了内容图像的风景和物体，并同时迁移了样式图像的色彩。因为图像尺寸较小，所以细节上依然比较模糊。

plt.imshow(postprocess(output));

image_shape = (300, 450)
_, content_Y = get_contents(image_shape, device)
_, style_Y = get_styles(image_shape, device)
X = preprocess(postprocess(output), image_shape).to(device)
big_output = train(X, content_Y, style_Y, device, 0.01, 500, 200)

plt.imshow(postprocess(big_output));