1.把c文件和Makefile文件写好
下面是c，功能是打印“Hello kernel”这句话的各个项的地址以及虚拟地址和物理地址。
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/mm_types.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
static unsigned long cr0,cr3;
static unsigned long vaddr = 0;
static void get_pgtable_macro(void)
{
cr0 = read_cr0();
cr3 = read_cr3_pa();
printk("cr0 = 0x%lx, cr3 = 0x%lx\n", cr0,cr3);
printk("PAGE_OFFSET = 0x%lx\n", PAGE_OFFSET);
printk("PGDIR_SHIFT = %d\n", PGDIR_SHIFT);
printk("P4D_SHIFT = %d\n", P4D_SHIFT);
printk("PUD_SHIFT = %d\n", PUD_SHIFT);
printk("PMD_SHIFT = %d\n", PMD_SHIFT);
printk("PAGE_SHIFT = %d\n", PAGE_SHIFT);
printk("PTRS_PER_PGD = %d\n", PTRS_PER_PGD);
printk("PTRS_PER_P4D = %d\n", PTRS_PER_P4D);
printk("PTRS_PER_PUD = %d\n", PTRS_PER_PUD);
printk("PTRS_PER_PMD = %d\n", PTRS_PER_PMD);
printk("PTRS_PER_PTE = %d\n", PTRS_PER_PTE);
printk("PAGE_MASK = 0x%lx\n", PAGE_MASK);
}
static unsigned long vaddr2paddr(unsigned long vaddr)
{
pgd_t *pgd;
p4d_t *p4d;
pud_t *pud;
pmd_t *pmd;
pte_t *pte;
unsigned long paddr = 0;
unsigned long page_addr = 0;
unsigned long page_offset = 0;
//页全局目录项
pgd = pgd_offset(current->mm, vaddr);
printk("pgd_val = 0x%lx\n", pgd_val(*pgd));
printk("pgd_index = %lu\n", pgd_index(vaddr));
if (pgd_none(*pgd)) {
printk("not mapped in pgd\n");
return -1;
}
//p4d
p4d = p4d_offset(pgd, vaddr);
printk("p4d_val = 0x%lx\n", p4d_val(*p4d));
printk("p4d_index = %lu\n", p4d_index(vaddr));
if (p4d_none(*p4d)) {
printk("not mapped in pud\n");
return -1;
}
//页上局目录项
pud = pud_offset(p4d, vaddr);
printk("pud_val = 0x%lx\n", pud_val(*pud));
printk("pud_index = %lu\n", pud_index(vaddr));
if (pud_none(*pud)) {
printk("not mapped in pud\n");
return -1;
}
//页中间目录项
pmd = pmd_offset(pud, vaddr);
printk("pmd_val = 0x%lx\n", pmd_val(*pmd));
printk("pmd_index = %lu\n", pmd_index(vaddr));
if (pmd_none(*pmd)) {
printk("not mapped in pmd\n");
return -1;
}
//页表
pte = pte_offset_kernel(pmd, vaddr);
printk("pte_val = 0x%lx\n", pte_val(*pte));
printk("pte_index = %lu\n", pte_index(vaddr));
if (pte_none(*pte)) {
printk("not mapped in pte\n");
return -1;
}
//页框物理地址机制 | 偏移量
page_addr = pte_val(*pte) & PAGE_MASK;
page_offset = vaddr & ~PAGE_MASK;
paddr = page_addr | page_offset;
printk("page_addr = %lx, page_offset = %lx\n", page_addr,page_offset);
printk("vaddr = %lx, paddr = %lx\n", vaddr, paddr);
return paddr;
}
static int __init v2p_init(void)
{
unsigned long vaddr = 0;
printk("vaddr to paddr module is running......\n");
get_pgtable_macro();
printk("\n");
vaddr = __get_free_page(GFP_KERNEL);
if(vaddr == 0){
printk("__get_free_page failed!\n");
return 0;
}
sprintf((char *)vaddr, "Hello kernel");
printk("get_page_vaddr=0x%lx\n", vaddr);
vaddr2paddr(vaddr);
return 0;
}
static void __exit v2p_exit(void)
{
printk("vaddr to paddr module is leaving...\n");
free_page(vaddr);
}
module_init(v2p_init);
module_exit(v2p_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
下面是Makefile文件，注意把vaddr2paddr换成c文件的名称
obj-m:=vaddr2paddr.o
CURRENT_PATH:=$(shell pwd)
LINUX_KERNEL:=$(shell uname -r)
LINUX_KERNEL_PATH:=/usr/src/linux-headers-$(LINUX_KERNEL)
all:
make -C $(LINUX_KERNEL_PATH) M=$(CURRENT_PATH) modules
clean:
make -C $(LINUX_KERNEL_PATH) M=$(CURRENT_PATH) clea
2.对上述程序进行编译运行
依次输入
make
sudo insmod 文件名.ko
dmesg
就可以看到运行后的结果，结果在最下面
3.准备好dram.c和fileview工具
这工具的功能是验证物理地址是否保存了“Hello kernel”
（直接把代码给你们吧，搬砖大家肯定会啊啊哈哈啊哈）
下面是dram.c
//-------------------------------------------------------------------
// dram.c
//
// This module implements a Linux character-mode device-driver
// for the processor's installed physical memory. It utilizes
// the kernel's 'kmap()' function, as a uniform way to provide
// access to all the memory-zones (including the "high memory"
// on systems with more than 896MB of installed physical ram).
// The access here is 'read-only' because we deem it too risky
// to the stable functioning of our system to allow every user
// the unrestricted ability to arbitrarily modify memory-areas
// which might contain some "critical" kernel data-structures.
// We implement an 'llseek()' method so that users can readily
// find out how much physical processor-memory is installed.
//
// NOTE: Developed and tested with Linux kernel version 2.6.10
//
// programmer: ALLAN CRUSE
// written on: 30 JAN 2005
// revised on: 28 JAN 2008 -- for Linux kernel version 2.6.22.5
// revised on: 06 FEB 2008 -- for machines having 4GB of memory
//-------------------------------------------------------------------
#include <linux/module.h> // for module_init()
#include <linux/highmem.h> // for kmap(), kunmap()
#include <asm/uaccess.h> // for copy_to_user()
#include <asm-generic/memory_model.h>
char modname[] = "dram"; // for displaying driver's name
int my_major = 85; // note static major assignment
loff_t dram_size; // total bytes of system memory
loff_t my_llseek( struct file *file, loff_t offset, int whence );
ssize_t my_read( struct file *file, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *pos );
struct file_operations
my_fops = {
owner: THIS_MODULE,
llseek: my_llseek,
read: my_read,
};
static int __init dram_init( void )
{
printk( "<1>\nInstalling \'%s\' module ", modname );
printk( "(major=%d)\n", my_major );
//dram_size = (loff_t)num_physpages << PAGE_SHIFT;
dram_size = (loff_t)get_num_physpages << PAGE_SHIFT;
printk( "<1> ramtop=%08llX (%llu MB)\n", dram_size, dram_size >> 20 );
return register_chrdev( my_major, modname, &my_fops );
}
static void __exit dram_exit( void )
{
unregister_chrdev( my_major, modname );
printk( "<1>Removing \'%s\' module\n", modname );
}
ssize_t my_read( struct file *file, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *pos )
{
struct page *pp;
void *from;
int page_number, page_indent, more;
// we cannot read beyond the end-of-file
if ( *pos >= dram_size ) return 0;
// determine which physical page to temporarily map
// and how far into that page to begin reading from
page_number = *pos / PAGE_SIZE;
page_indent = *pos % PAGE_SIZE;
// map the designated physical page into kernel space
/*If kerel vesion is 2.6.32 or later, please use pfn_to_page() to get page, and include
asm-generic/memory_model.h*/
//#if 0
// pp = pfn_to_page( page_number);
//#else
// pp = &mem_map[ page_number ];
//#endif
pp = pfn_to_page( page_number);
from = kmap( pp ) + page_indent;
// cannot reliably read beyond the end of this mapped page
if ( page_indent + count > PAGE_SIZE ) count = PAGE_SIZE - page_indent;
// now transfer count bytes from mapped page to user-supplied buffer
more = copy_to_user( buf, from, count );
// ok now to discard the temporary page mapping
kunmap( pp );
// an error occurred if less than count bytes got copied
if ( more ) return -EFAULT;
// otherwise advance file-pointer and report number of bytes read
*pos += count;
return count;
}
loff_t my_llseek( struct file *file, loff_t offset, int whence )
{
loff_t newpos = -1;
switch( whence )
{
case 0: newpos = offset; break; // SEEK_SET
case 1: newpos = file->f_pos + offset; break; // SEEK_CUR
case 2: newpos = dram_size + offset; break; // SEEK_END
}
if (( newpos < 0 )||( newpos > dram_size )) return -EINVAL;
file->f_pos = newpos;
return newpos;
}
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
module_init( dram_init );
module_exit( dram_exit );
下面是fileview.cpp
//----------------------------------------------------------------
// fileview.cpp
//
// This program displays the contents of a specified file
// in hexadecimal and ascii formats (including any device
// special files representing storage media). A user may
// navigate the file's contents using arrow-key commands,
// or may adjust the format of the hexadecimal display to
// select from among five data-sizes: byte (B), word (W),
// doubleword (D), quadword (Q) or octaword (O). It also
// is possible to seek to a specified position within the
// file by hitting the <ENTER>-key and then typing in the
// desired (hexadecimal) address. Type <ESCAPE> to quit.
//
// compile-and-link using: $ make fileview
//
// programmer: ALLAN CRUSE
// written on: 26 OCT 2002
// revised on: 07 JUN 2006 -- removed reliance on 'ncurses'
//----------------------------------------------------------------
#include <stdio.h> // for printf(), perror(), fflush()
#include <fcntl.h> // for open()
#include <string.h> // for strncpy()
#include <unistd.h> // for read(), lseek64()
#include <stdlib.h> // for exit()
#include <termios.h> // for tcgetattr(), tcsetattr()
#define MAXNAME 80
#define BUFHIGH 16
#define BUFWIDE 16
#define BUFSIZE 256
#define ROW 6
#define COL 2
#define KB_SEEK 0x0000000A
#define KB_QUIT 0x0000001B
#define KB_BACK 0x0000007F
#define KB_HOME 0x00315B1B
#define KB_LNUP 0x00415B1B
#define KB_PGUP 0x00355B1B
#define KB_LEFT 0x00445B1B
#define KB_RGHT 0x00435B1B
#define KB_LNDN 0x00425B1B
#define KB_PGDN 0x00365B1B
#define KB_END 0x00345B1B
#define KB_DEL 0x00335B1B
char progname[] = "FILEVIEW";
char filename[ MAXNAME + 1 ];
char buffer[ BUFSIZE ];
char outline[ 80 ];
int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
{
// setup the filename (if supplied), else terminate
if ( argc > 1 ) strncpy( filename, argv[1], MAXNAME );
else { fprintf( stderr, "argument needed\n" ); exit(1); }
// open the file for reading
int fd = open( filename, O_RDONLY );
if ( fd < 0 ) { perror( filename ); exit(1); }
// obtain the filesize (if possible)
long long filesize = lseek64( fd, 0LL, SEEK_END );
if ( filesize < 0LL )
{
fprintf( stderr, "cannot locate \'end-of-file\' \n" );
exit(1);
}
long long incmin = ( 1LL << 8 );
long long incmax = ( 1LL << 36 );
long long posmin = 0LL;
long long posmax = (filesize - 241LL)&~0xF;
if ( posmax < posmin ) posmax = posmin;
// initiate noncanonical terminal input
struct termios tty_orig;
tcgetattr( STDIN_FILENO, &tty_orig );
struct termios tty_work = tty_orig;
tty_work.c_lflag &= ~( ECHO | ICANON ); // | ISIG );
tty_work.c_cc[ VMIN ] = 1;
tty_work.c_cc[ VTIME ] = 0;
tcsetattr( STDIN_FILENO, TCSAFLUSH, &tty_work );
printf( "\e[H\e[J" );
// display the legend
int i, j, k;
k = (77 - strlen( progname ))/2;
printf( "\e[%d;%dH %s ", 1, k, progname );
k = (77 - strlen( filename ))/2;
printf( "\e[%d;%dH\'%s\'", 3, k, filename );
char infomsg[ 80 ];
sprintf( infomsg, "filesize: %llu (=0x%013llX)", filesize, filesize );
k = (78 - strlen( infomsg ));
printf( "\e[%d;%dH%s", 24, k, infomsg );
fflush( stdout );
// main loop to navigate the file
long long pageincr = incmin;
long long lineincr = 16LL;
long long position = 0LL;
long long location = 0LL;
int format = 1;
int done = 0;
while ( !done )
{
// erase prior buffer contents
for (j = 0; j < BUFSIZE; j++) buffer[ j ] = ~0;
// restore 'pageincr' to prescribed bounds
if ( pageincr == 0LL ) pageincr = incmax;
else if ( pageincr < incmin ) pageincr = incmin;
else if ( pageincr > incmax ) pageincr = incmax;
// get current location of file-pointer position
location = lseek64( fd, position, SEEK_SET );
// try to fill 'buffer[]' with data from the file
char *where = buffer;
int to_read = BUFSIZE;
while ( to_read > 0 )
{
int nbytes = read( fd, where, to_read );
if ( nbytes <= 0 ) break;
to_read -= nbytes;
where += nbytes;
}
int datalen = BUFSIZE - to_read;
// display the data just read into the 'buffer[]' array
unsigned char *bp;
unsigned short *wp;
unsigned int *dp;
unsigned long long *qp;
for (i = 0; i < BUFHIGH; i++)
{
int linelen;
// draw the line-location (13-digit hexadecimal)
linelen = sprintf( outline, "%013llX ", location );
// draw the line in the selected hexadecimal format
switch ( format )
{
case 1: // 'byte' format
bp = (unsigned char*)&buffer[ i*BUFWIDE ];
for (j = 0; j < BUFWIDE; j++)
linelen += sprintf( outline+linelen,
"%02X ", bp[j] );
break;
case 2: // 'word' format
wp = (unsigned short*)&buffer[ i*BUFWIDE ];
for (j = 0; j < BUFWIDE/2; j++)
linelen += sprintf( outline+linelen,
" %04X ", wp[j] );
break;
case 4: // 'dword' format
dp = (unsigned int*)&buffer[ i*BUFWIDE ];
for (j = 0; j < BUFWIDE/4; j++)
linelen += sprintf( outline+linelen,
" %08X ", dp[j] );
break;
case 8: // 'qword' format
qp = (unsigned long long*)&buffer[ i*BUFWIDE ];
for (j = 0; j < BUFWIDE/8; j++)
linelen += sprintf( outline+linelen,
" %016llX ", qp[j] );
break;
case 16: // 'octaword'
qp = (unsigned long long*)&buffer[ i*BUFWIDE ];
linelen += sprintf( outline+linelen, " " );
linelen += sprintf( outline+linelen,
" %016llX%016llX ", qp[1], qp[0] );
linelen += sprintf( outline+linelen, " " );
break;
}
// draw the line in ascii format
for (j = 0; j < BUFWIDE; j++)
{
char ch = buffer[ i*BUFWIDE + j ];
if (( ch < 0x20 )||( ch > 0x7E )) ch = '.';
linelen += sprintf( outline+linelen, "%c", ch);
}
// transfer this output-line to the screen
printf( "\e[%d;%dH%s", ROW+i, COL, outline );
// advance 'location' for the next output-line
location += BUFWIDE;
}
printf( "\e[%d;%dH", 23, COL );
fflush( stdout );
// await keypress
long long inch = 0LL;
read( STDIN_FILENO, &inch, sizeof( inch ) );
printf( "\e[%d;%dH%60s", 23, COL, " " );
// interpret navigation or formatting command
inch &= 0x00FFFFFFLL;
switch ( inch )
{
// move to the file's beginning/ending
case 'H': case 'h':
case KB_HOME: position = posmin; break;
case 'E': case 'e':
case KB_END: position = posmax; break;
// move forward/backward by one line
case KB_LNDN: position += BUFWIDE; break;
case KB_LNUP: position -= BUFWIDE; break;
// move forward/packward by one page
case KB_PGDN: position += pageincr; break;
case KB_PGUP: position -= pageincr; break;
// increase/decrease the page-size increment
case KB_RGHT: pageincr >>= 4; break;
case KB_LEFT: pageincr <<= 4; break;
// reset the hexadecimal output-format
case 'B': case 'b': format = 1; break;
case 'W': case 'w': format = 2; break;
case 'D': case 'd': format = 4; break;
case 'Q': case 'q': format = 8; break;
case 'O': case 'o': format = 16; break;
// seek to a user-specified file-position
case KB_SEEK:
printf( "\e[%d;%dHAddress: ", 23, COL );
fflush( stdout );
{
char inbuf[ 16 ] = {0};
//tcsetattr( STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &tty_orig );
int i = 0;
while ( i < 15 )
{
long long ch = 0;
read( STDIN_FILENO, &ch, sizeof( ch ) );
ch &= 0xFFFFFF;
if ( ch == '\n' ) break;
if ( ch == KB_QUIT ) { inbuf[0] = 0; break; }
if ( ch == KB_LEFT ) ch = KB_BACK;
if ( ch == KB_DEL ) ch = KB_BACK;
if (( ch == KB_BACK )&&( i > 0 ))
{
inbuf[--i] = 0;
printf( "\b \b" );
fflush( stdout );
}
if (( ch < 0x20 )||( ch > 0x7E )) continue;
inbuf[ i++ ] = ch;
printf( "%c", ch );
fflush( stdout );
}
printf( "\e[%d;%dH%70s", 23, COL, " " );
fflush( stdout );
position = strtoull( inbuf, NULL, 16 );
position &= ~0xFLL; // paragraph align
}
break;
// program termination
case KB_QUIT: done = 1; break;
default:
printf( "\e[%d;%dHHit <ESC> to quit", 23, 2 );
}
fflush( stdout );
// insure that 'position' remains within bounds
if ( position < posmin ) position = posmin;
if ( position > posmax ) position = posmax;
}
// restore canonical terminal behavior
tcsetattr( STDIN_FILENO, TCSAFLUSH, &tty_orig );
printf( "\e[%d;%dH\e[0J\n", 23, 0 );
}
还有Makefile文件也要和上面两个文件放在一起，因为是内核。
下面是Makefile
ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)
obj-m := dram.o
else
KDIR := /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build
PWD := $(shell pwd)
default:
$(MAKE) -C $(KDIR) SUBDIRS=$(PWD) modules
rm -r -f .tmp_versions *.mod.c .*.cmd *.o *.symvers
endif
将上面三个文件放在同一个文件夹下，然后编译一下fileview.cpp文件：
gcc fileview.cpp -o fileview
（没有gcc就下载：sudo apt-get install gcc）
接着以此运行如下命令
make
sudo insmod dram.ko
sudo mknod /dev/dram c 85 0
(没有报错提示就代表没有问题)
4. 使用fileview查看对应物理地址的内容
在fileview所在文件夹下使用命令：./fileview /dev/dram
进去之后按下 ctrl + m （自己摸索的！！！）就可以输入之前打印的物理地址paddr（paddr在第2点dmesg后打印出来的最下面），就可以查看到 Hello kernel 了。
（我也不想后面写一堆文字的，突然图片放不进来了，那不怪我啊！！）
祝你好运！
对了，大家也可以参考这个，相当于我这里的浓缩版本。
https://ilinuxkernel.com/?p=1248
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