Simple beginning: Introspection and Observation
Gathering information is only the first step toward examining relationships between and among variables.
Relationships are examined in 2 ways, corresponding to 2 kinds of relationships:
(1)correlation research:
determine the degree to which 2 variables tend to go together in a predicable way when measured at different levels along the dimension.
This techinique determines 2 aspects of the relationship: its direction and its strength. The special relationship of cause and effect cannot be determined by this kind of study.
(2)experimental method:
test for cause and effect, An independent variable is manipulated, other variables are controlled.
Magical Phenomenon
①Interestingly enough, positive feelings of immersion in activities don’t come just in recreation——they're also likely to arise during work.
②It is good to express your deep desires, but not to let them control your life. Moderation and balance among these forces provides the healthiest experience of life.
③A person whose ego is too strong is extremely rational and efficient but may also be extremely boring, or cold and distant.
④In this sense the genital personality is an ideal to strive for, rather than an end to be taken for granted.
⑤Sublimation is often viewed as mechanism to prevent problems from occuring, as opposed to a tactic that people turn to after anxiety is aroused.
⑥Struggle is an intrinsic part of life, but serious feelings of inferiority can produce an inferiority complex(a paralyzing inability to strive) or a superiority complex(over compensatory strivings过度补偿), either of which is disruptive.
尼各马可伦理学也告诉我们要德性就是 平衡 居中 温和 圣经告诉我们要从两个极端中间笔直穿行而过才能避免罪过
⑦A predominance of trust over mistrust gives rise to the ego strength of Hope.
⑧People who don’t self-disclose aren't liked as much as other people. As a result, avoidant people——many of whom are already lonely——are likely to remain lonely and isolated
⑨Rogers used the term fully functioning person to describe someone who is self-actualizing. Such people are open to experiencing the world. Rather than hide from it, they immerse themselves in it completely.
The result of these tendencies is that the fully functioning person lives a life filled with meaning, challenge, and personal excitement, although living this way also involves a willingness to risk pain.
⑩Altering your behavior, values, or goals to obtain acceptance can interfere or conflict with self-actualization. Because self-actualizing is more important than fulfilling conditions of worth, self-actualization should have first priority. Because the need for positive regard is so salient, however, its influence is often felt more keenly.
Existential psychologists believe, that all persons have the responsibility for making the most of every moment of their existence and fulfilling that existence to the best of their ability.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Need
1.self-achtualization need 自我实现
2.esteem needs 尊重
3.love and belongingness needs 归属感和爱
4.safety and physical security needs 安全感
5.physiological needs 身体基本需求
Glossary
Word List 1
Nagging 唠叨的
Scatterplot 散点图
Sloppy 泥泞的 凌乱的
Sloppiness 凌乱 马虎
GPA grade point average
Pediatrist 儿科医师
Panel 一组人 画板
Covary 共变
Case Study:An in-depth study of one individual
Causality :A relationship such that variation in one dimensions covary systematically when measured repeatedly
Slanted 斜的 --She always sees things in a slanted way,so what she says has to be taken with a grain of salt.
Gauge 测量 --We develop ways pf gauging people, judging what they are like.
Arsenal 兵工厂 军械库
Overt 公然的 Here an observer is directly rating a research participants' overt behavior.
Crop up 突然出现 It crops up in several slightly different contexts
Quirk 怪癖
Bull's eye 靶心,关键
Multiphasic 多相的
Psychopathic 精神病的
Psychasthenia 精神衰弱 --High scorers are anxious,rigid,tense,worrying.
Schizophrenia 精神分裂(灵肉分离) --Social alienation, bizarreness in thinking
Hypomania 轻躁狂 emotionally excitable, impulsive, hyperactive.
Sthenia 强壮 精力
Endorsement 认可 支持 签注
Bias 动词 使存偏见-- It bias their responses
Response set 反应定势 A biased orientation to answering
word List 2
Buffeted 连续猛击 奋勇前进 自助餐 小卖部
Typology 类型学
Sociopathic 反社会的
nurturance 抚育
High strung 神经兴奋型的 十分敏感的
Unreflective 不思考的 草率的
Reciprocal 互惠的 相互的 倒数 --The reciprocal influence between persons and situations
Taxonomy 分类学 分类法
Idiographic 个人签名的
Nomothetic 研究一般规律的【心理学】 通则式
Chimes 编钟
Mortar 研钵
Retina 视网膜
Impinge 撞击 侵犯
Wallop 猛击 痛打
Schematic 图解的 概要的
Schema 模式 架构
Screech 尖叫声
Triad 三个一组 三和音
Prime 初期 全盛期 使准备好 启动【心】
Escalate 逐步增强
Maneuver 演习 策略
Rumination 沉思
Lose ground 下跌 处于不利地位
Fad 时尚
Construal 解释
Heuristic 启发式的
Grapple 格斗
Isomorphism 同构
Continuance 持续 续篇
Dyad 双分体 双的
Kaleidoscope 万花筒
Word List 3
Nurturant 抚育的 抚养的
Catalog 目录
Retaliate 报复
Snub 冷落 掐灭
Thematic 主题的
Apperception 感知【心】
Profligate 放荡的 肆意的
Sovereign 君主 独立国 至高无上的
Postulate假定 要求
Be Subsumed within 把 ……归入
Rehabilitation 康复
Chronic 慢性的
Trappings 服饰 礼服 外部标志(身份,职业)-- Surround themselves with the trappings of power.
Personology: study of the entire person
Primary(viscerogenic) need : A biological need
Secondary(psychogenic) need : A social need
Word List 4
Eons 万古 永世 --Evolution over the eons
Yowl 嚎叫-- Rend the air with piercing yowls
klutz 笨手笨脚的 --Some bodies are nicely coordinated, some are klutzier. In fact, the role of genetics in intelligence actually seems to increase with age.
Sketchy 写生的 概略的 不完备的 --The evidence is sketchy
Wary 谨慎的 --Psychologists have been wary of adopting this view too quickly
Alleles 等位基因
Stealthy 秘密的
Copulate 交配 连接的 --The strategy for males is to maximize sexual opportunities, copulating as often as possible.
Paternity 父权
Substrate 底层 基质 Theorists who take the genetic view on personality feel that certain dispositions are inherited as a biological substrate of personality
Boutique 精品店
Intuit 凭直觉感到 --We apparently intuit these strategies and act in ways that make us seem better candidates as mates Ethology 行为学 --The study of animals in their natural environment
Endocrine 内分泌 ~system
Parapsychology 心灵学 通灵学(传心术 等超自然现象为研究对象)
Embroil 使卷入 --He has been embroiled in controversy
Intravenous 静脉内的
Visceral 内脏的 出于本能的
Cardiovascular 心血管的
Choleric 胆汁质的 易怒的
EEG :electro encephalograms 大脑摄影图 脑电图
Sociopath 反社会的人
Reticular 网状的 错综的
Falsify 篡改 伪造
Overtone 寓意 暗示
Word List 5
Crucible 严酷的考验 坩埚
Metabolic 新陈代谢的
Hydraulic 水力的
Cripple 跛子
Stuffy 闷热的 古板的 --It would be thought of as stuffy and hypocritical
Veneer 外表
Twinge 阵痛 悔恨 :Any twinge of sexual desire should produce an effort to obtain sexual gratification
Nipple 乳头
Abide by遵守-- The child comes to abide by what the parents think is right
Menace 威胁
Neuter 无性动物
Cathexis 全神贯注 N. Investing energy in an activity or an image is called forming an cathexis
Cathect 心力贯注 V. The more important an object or activity, the more energy cathected in it.
Bowel 直肠
Vagina 阴道
Sadism 性虐待狂
Catharsis 净化
Stolid 冷漠的 迟钝的
Diastolic 舒张的
Systolic 收缩的
Defecate 排便 澄清
Feces 屎
Anal 肛门的
Obstinacy 固执的
Masturbate 手淫
Castrate 阉割
Vicarious 发同感的 代理的
Orgasm 性欲高潮
Libido 性欲
Coital 性交的
Compartmentalize 划分区分
Connoisseur 鉴赏家 内行
Super-stud 大帅哥 大种马
Entail 使需要 遗传给 She called this process regression, cos it entails giving up a more advanced form of coping in favor of one that is more primitive and infantile
Subliminal 潜意识的
Impending 逼近的
Ludicrous 可笑的
Testicle 睾丸
Chip 碎片 缺口
Blimp 大胖子 软式小飞艇
Uterus 子宫
Defiance 违抗
Albeit 虽然 纵使
In a very strong fixation, the preoccupation——albeit unconscious——leaves the person with little energy for anything else Punitive 惩罚的
Molestation 干扰 折磨 调戏
Autopsy 验尸
Foremost 第一的 最先的
Transference 转移
Epilogue 后记
Fault 弄错 挑毛病
Grotesquerie 怪异图案
foothold 据点 立足点
Word List 6
Jumble 混乱 杂乱的一堆东西
Hog 肉猪 贪食者
Oedipal 恋母情结的
Millenia 千年
Whack 重打 猛击 Give it a good whack
Lunge 戳 刺
Impromptu 即兴曲
Imperative 命令
Expeditious 迅速的 敏捷的
Revealing 透漏内情的 意义深远的
Adept 熟练的
Clingy 紧贴的
Interplay 相互作用
Outright 完全的 一直向前
Self-perpetuating 自身永久存在的
Overture 序曲
Fussiness 易激怒
Constipation 便秘
Meld 融合
Fidelity 保真度 忠诚
Moratorium 中止
doldrum 忧郁
Inconspicuous 不显眼的
Impregnable 不受影响的 无法改变的
preg词根:拿住 pregnant
Psychosocial crisis/conflict :A period when some interpersonal issue is being dealt with and growth potential and vulnerability are both high.
Precursor 先辈
Inadvertent 疏忽的
Tacit 心照不宣的 不做声的
Pastel 彩色粉笔
Anticipatory 预期的
Gland 腺体
Salivary 唾液的
Nausea 恶心 极端憎恶
Chemotherapy 化疗
Burgundy 深的紫红色
Scallop 扇形边
Adjourn 休会
Reinforcer 增强剂
Presumably 大概 推测起来
Contingent 偶然的 附带的
Androgyny 双性性格
Condom 避孕套
Condone 原谅 宽恕
Galvanic 电流的 使人振奋的
Deficit 不足 缺乏
Inoculate Inoculation 注射 接种
Aura 气氛 The learning perspective has taken on an aura of importance
Filial piety 孝道
Percept 感知
Perceptible 可感觉的
Precept 格言
Temperamental 出自本性的 气质的 喜怒无常的
Stall 牲畜栏 小隔间 发生故障
Rut 车辙 动情
Bail-out 跳伞 紧急援助
Bail:保释 往外舀水
Holistic 全盘的 整体的
Sterile 无菌的 贫瘠的
Neurosis 神经症
Self-handicapping 故意拖延