【英语】人格多面观-词汇表

 Simple beginning: Introspection and Observation

Gathering information is only the first step toward examining relationships between and among variables.

Relationships are examined in 2 ways, corresponding to 2 kinds of relationships：

（1）correlation research:

     determine the degree to which 2 variables tend to go together in a predicable way when measured at different levels along the dimension.

     This techinique determines 2 aspects of the relationship: its direction and its strength. The special relationship of cause and effect cannot be determined by this kind of study.

（2）experimental method: 

    test for cause and effect, An independent variable is manipulated, other variables are controlled.

 

 Magical Phenomenon

①Interestingly enough, positive feelings of immersion in activities don’t come just in recreation——they're also likely to arise during work.

②It is good to express your deep desires, but not to let them control your life. Moderation and balance among these forces provides the healthiest experience of life.

③A person whose ego is too strong is extremely rational and efficient but may also be extremely boring, or cold and distant.

④In this sense the genital personality is an ideal to strive for, rather than an end to be taken for granted.

⑤Sublimation is often viewed as mechanism to prevent problems from occuring, as opposed to a tactic that people turn to after anxiety is aroused.

⑥Struggle is an intrinsic part of life, but serious feelings of inferiority can produce an inferiority complex(a paralyzing inability to strive) or a superiority complex(over compensatory strivings过度补偿), either of which is disruptive.

 尼各马可伦理学也告诉我们要德性就是 平衡 居中 温和 圣经告诉我们要从两个极端中间笔直穿行而过才能避免罪过

⑦A predominance of trust over mistrust gives rise to the ego strength of Hope.

⑧People who don’t self-disclose aren't liked as much as other people. As a result, avoidant people——many of whom are already lonely——are likely to remain lonely and isolated 

 ⑨Rogers used the term fully functioning person to describe someone who is self-actualizing. Such people are open to experiencing the world. Rather than hide from it, they immerse themselves in it completely.

The result of these tendencies is that the fully functioning person lives a life filled with meaning, challenge, and personal excitement, although living this way also involves a willingness to risk pain. 

⑩Altering your behavior, values, or goals to obtain acceptance can interfere or conflict with self-actualization. Because self-actualizing is more important than fulfilling conditions of worth, self-actualization should have first priority. Because the need for positive regard is so salient, however, its influence is often felt more keenly. 

 Existential psychologists believe, that all persons have the responsibility for making the most of every moment of their existence and fulfilling that existence to the best of their ability.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Need

1.self-achtualization need 自我实现

2.esteem needs 尊重

3.love and belongingness needs 归属感和爱

4.safety and physical security needs 安全感

5.physiological needs 身体基本需求

Glossary

Word List 1

Nagging 唠叨的

Scatterplot 散点图

Sloppy 泥泞的 凌乱的

Sloppiness 凌乱 马虎

GPA grade point average

Pediatrist 儿科医师

Panel 一组人 画板

Covary 共变

Case Study：An in-depth study of one individual

Causality ：A relationship such that variation in one dimensions covary systematically when measured repeatedly

Slanted 斜的 --She always sees things in a slanted way,so what she says has to be taken with a grain of salt.

Gauge 测量 --We develop ways pf gauging people, judging what they are like.

Arsenal 兵工厂 军械库

Overt 公然的 Here an observer is directly rating a research participants' overt behavior.

Crop up 突然出现 It crops up in several slightly different contexts

Quirk 怪癖

Bull's eye 靶心，关键

Multiphasic 多相的

Psychopathic 精神病的

Psychasthenia 精神衰弱 --High scorers are anxious,rigid,tense,worrying.

Schizophrenia 精神分裂（灵肉分离） --Social alienation, bizarreness in thinking

Hypomania 轻躁狂 emotionally excitable, impulsive, hyperactive.

Sthenia 强壮 精力

Endorsement 认可 支持 签注

Bias 动词 使存偏见-- It bias their responses

Response set 反应定势 A biased orientation to answering

 

word List 2

Buffeted 连续猛击 奋勇前进 自助餐 小卖部

Typology 类型学

Sociopathic 反社会的

nurturance 抚育

High strung 神经兴奋型的 十分敏感的

Unreflective 不思考的 草率的

Reciprocal 互惠的 相互的 倒数 --The reciprocal influence between persons and situations

Taxonomy 分类学 分类法

Idiographic 个人签名的

Nomothetic 研究一般规律的【心理学】 通则式

Chimes 编钟

Mortar 研钵

Retina 视网膜

Impinge 撞击 侵犯

Wallop 猛击 痛打

Schematic 图解的 概要的

Schema 模式 架构

Screech 尖叫声

Triad 三个一组 三和音

Prime 初期 全盛期 使准备好 启动【心】

Escalate 逐步增强

Maneuver 演习 策略

Rumination 沉思

Lose ground 下跌 处于不利地位

Fad 时尚

Construal 解释

Heuristic 启发式的

Grapple 格斗

Isomorphism 同构

Continuance 持续 续篇

Dyad 双分体 双的

Kaleidoscope 万花筒

 

Word List 3

Nurturant 抚育的 抚养的

Catalog 目录

Retaliate 报复

Snub 冷落 掐灭

Thematic 主题的

Apperception 感知【心】

Profligate 放荡的 肆意的

Sovereign 君主 独立国 至高无上的

Postulate假定 要求

Be Subsumed within 把 ……归入

Rehabilitation 康复

Chronic 慢性的

Trappings 服饰 礼服 外部标志（身份，职业）-- Surround themselves with the trappings of power.

Personology: study of the entire person

Primary(viscerogenic) need : A biological need

Secondary(psychogenic) need : A social need

 

Word List 4

Eons 万古 永世 --Evolution over the eons

Yowl 嚎叫-- Rend the air with piercing yowls

klutz 笨手笨脚的 --Some bodies are nicely coordinated, some are klutzier. In fact, the role of genetics in intelligence actually seems to increase with age.

Sketchy 写生的 概略的 不完备的 --The evidence is sketchy

Wary 谨慎的 --Psychologists have been wary of adopting this view too quickly

Alleles 等位基因

Stealthy 秘密的

Copulate 交配 连接的 --The strategy for males is to maximize sexual opportunities, copulating as often as possible.

Paternity 父权

Substrate 底层 基质 Theorists who take the genetic view on personality feel that certain dispositions are inherited as a biological substrate of personality

Boutique 精品店

Intuit 凭直觉感到 --We apparently intuit these strategies and act in ways that make us seem better candidates as mates Ethology 行为学 --The study of animals in their natural environment

Endocrine 内分泌 ~system

Parapsychology 心灵学 通灵学（传心术 等超自然现象为研究对象）

Embroil 使卷入 --He has been embroiled in controversy

Intravenous 静脉内的

Visceral 内脏的 出于本能的

Cardiovascular 心血管的

Choleric 胆汁质的 易怒的

EEG ：electro encephalograms 大脑摄影图 脑电图

Sociopath 反社会的人

Reticular 网状的 错综的

Falsify 篡改 伪造

Overtone 寓意 暗示

 

Word List 5

Crucible 严酷的考验 坩埚

Metabolic 新陈代谢的

Hydraulic 水力的

Cripple 跛子

Stuffy 闷热的 古板的 --It would be thought of as stuffy and hypocritical

Veneer 外表

Twinge 阵痛 悔恨 ：Any twinge of sexual desire should produce an effort to obtain sexual gratification

Nipple 乳头

Abide by遵守-- The child comes to abide by what the parents think is right

Menace 威胁

Neuter 无性动物

Cathexis 全神贯注 N. Investing energy in an activity or an image is called forming an cathexis

Cathect 心力贯注 V. The more important an object or activity, the more energy cathected in it.

Bowel 直肠

Vagina 阴道

Sadism 性虐待狂

Catharsis 净化

Stolid 冷漠的 迟钝的

Diastolic 舒张的

Systolic 收缩的

Defecate 排便 澄清

Feces 屎

Anal 肛门的

Obstinacy 固执的

Masturbate 手淫

Castrate 阉割

Vicarious 发同感的 代理的

Orgasm 性欲高潮

Libido 性欲

Coital 性交的

Compartmentalize 划分区分

Connoisseur 鉴赏家 内行

Super-stud 大帅哥 大种马

Entail 使需要 遗传给 She called this process regression, cos it entails giving up a more advanced form of coping in favor of one that is more primitive and infantile

Subliminal 潜意识的

Impending 逼近的

Ludicrous 可笑的

Testicle 睾丸

Chip 碎片 缺口

Blimp 大胖子 软式小飞艇

Uterus 子宫

Defiance 违抗

Albeit 虽然 纵使

In a very strong fixation, the preoccupation——albeit unconscious——leaves the person with little energy for anything else Punitive 惩罚的

Molestation 干扰 折磨 调戏

Autopsy 验尸

Foremost 第一的 最先的

Transference 转移

Epilogue 后记

Fault 弄错 挑毛病

Grotesquerie 怪异图案

foothold 据点 立足点

 

Word List 6

Jumble 混乱 杂乱的一堆东西

Hog 肉猪 贪食者

Oedipal 恋母情结的

Millenia 千年

Whack 重打 猛击 Give it a good whack

Lunge 戳 刺

Impromptu 即兴曲

Imperative 命令

Expeditious 迅速的 敏捷的

Revealing 透漏内情的 意义深远的

Adept 熟练的

Clingy 紧贴的

Interplay 相互作用

Outright 完全的 一直向前

Self-perpetuating 自身永久存在的

Overture 序曲

Fussiness 易激怒

Constipation 便秘

Meld 融合

Fidelity 保真度 忠诚

Moratorium 中止

doldrum 忧郁

Inconspicuous 不显眼的

Impregnable 不受影响的 无法改变的 

preg词根：拿住 pregnant

Psychosocial crisis/conflict :A period when some interpersonal issue is being dealt with and growth potential and vulnerability are both high.

Precursor 先辈

Inadvertent 疏忽的

Tacit 心照不宣的 不做声的

Pastel 彩色粉笔

Anticipatory 预期的

Gland 腺体

Salivary 唾液的

Nausea 恶心 极端憎恶

Chemotherapy 化疗

Burgundy 深的紫红色

Scallop 扇形边

Adjourn 休会

Reinforcer 增强剂

Presumably 大概 推测起来

Contingent 偶然的 附带的

Androgyny 双性性格

Condom 避孕套

Condone 原谅 宽恕

Galvanic 电流的 使人振奋的

Deficit 不足 缺乏

Inoculate Inoculation 注射 接种

Aura 气氛 The learning perspective has taken on an aura of importance

Filial piety 孝道

Percept 感知

Perceptible 可感觉的

Precept 格言

Temperamental 出自本性的 气质的 喜怒无常的

Stall 牲畜栏 小隔间 发生故障

Rut 车辙 动情

Bail-out 跳伞 紧急援助

Bail:保释 往外舀水

Holistic 全盘的 整体的

Sterile 无菌的 贫瘠的

Neurosis 神经症

Self-handicapping 故意拖延