1. I/O多路复用（I/O多路转接
I/O 多路复用使得程序能同时监听多个文件描述符，能够提高程序的性能，Linux 下实现 I/O 多路复用的
系统调用主要有 select、poll 和 epoll。
2. select
主旨思想：
1. 首先要构造一个关于文件描述符的列表，将要监听的文件描述符添加到该列表中。
2. 调用一个系统函数，监听该列表中的文件描述符，直到这些描述符中的一个或者多个进行I/O
操作时，该函数才返回。
a.这个函数是阻塞
b.函数对文件描述符的检测的操作是由内核完成的
3. 在返回时，它会告诉进程有多少（哪些）描述符要进行I/O操作。
服务器端：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
int main() {
// 创建socket
int lfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
struct sockaddr_in saddr;
saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
// 绑定
bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
// 监听
listen(lfd, 8);
// 创建一个fd_set的集合，存放的是需要检测的文件描述符
fd_set rdset, tmp;
FD_ZERO(&rdset);
FD_SET(lfd, &rdset);
int maxfd = lfd;
while(1) {
tmp = rdset;
// 调用select系统函数，让内核帮检测哪些文件描述符有数据
int ret = select(maxfd + 1, &tmp, NULL, NULL, NULL);
if(ret == -1) {
perror("select");
exit(-1);
} else if(ret == 0) {
continue;
} else if(ret > 0) {
// 说明检测到了有文件描述符的对应的缓冲区的数据发生了改变
if(FD_ISSET(lfd, &tmp)) {
// 表示有新的客户端连接进来了
struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
int len = sizeof(cliaddr);
int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, &len);
// 将新的文件描述符加入到集合中
FD_SET(cfd, &rdset);
// 更新最大的文件描述符
maxfd = maxfd > cfd ? maxfd : cfd;
}
for(int i = lfd + 1; i <= maxfd; i++) {
if(FD_ISSET(i, &tmp)) {
// 说明这个文件描述符对应的客户端发来了数据
char buf[1024] = {0};
int len = read(i, buf, sizeof(buf));
if(len == -1) {
perror("read");
exit(-1);
} else if(len == 0) {
printf("client closed...\n");
close(i);
FD_CLR(i, &rdset);
} else if(len > 0) {
printf("read buf = %s\n", buf);
write(i, buf, strlen(buf) + 1);
}
}
}
}
}
close(lfd);
return 0;
}
客户端：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
// 创建socket
int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if(fd == -1) {
perror("socket");
return -1;
}
struct sockaddr_in seraddr;
inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &seraddr.sin_addr.s_addr);
seraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
seraddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
// 连接服务器
int ret = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&seraddr, sizeof(seraddr));
if(ret == -1){
perror("connect");
return -1;
}
int num = 0;
while(1) {
char sendBuf[1024] = {0};
sprintf(sendBuf, "send data %d", num++);
write(fd, sendBuf, strlen(sendBuf) + 1);
// 接收
int len = read(fd, sendBuf, sizeof(sendBuf));
if(len == -1) {
perror("read");
return -1;
}else if(len > 0) {
printf("read buf = %s\n", sendBuf);
} else {
printf("服务器已经断开连接...\n");
break;
}
// sleep(1);
usleep(1000);
}
close(fd);
return 0;
}
3.poll
服务器端：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <poll.h>
int main() {
// 创建socket
int lfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
struct sockaddr_in saddr;
saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
// 绑定
bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
// 监听
listen(lfd, 8);
// 初始化检测的文件描述符数组
struct pollfd fds[1024];
for(int i = 0; i < 1024; i++) {
fds[i].fd = -1;
fds[i].events = POLLIN;
}
fds[0].fd = lfd;
int nfds = 0;
while(1) {
// 调用poll系统函数，让内核帮检测哪些文件描述符有数据
int ret = poll(fds, nfds + 1, -1);
if(ret == -1) {
perror("poll");
exit(-1);
} else if(ret == 0) {
continue;
} else if(ret > 0) {
// 说明检测到了有文件描述符的对应的缓冲区的数据发生了改变
if(fds[0].revents & POLLIN) {
// 表示有新的客户端连接进来了
struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
int len = sizeof(cliaddr);
int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, &len);
// 将新的文件描述符加入到集合中
for(int i = 1; i < 1024; i++) {
if(fds[i].fd == -1) {
fds[i].fd = cfd;
fds[i].events = POLLIN;
break;
}
}
// 更新最大的文件描述符的索引
nfds = nfds > cfd ? nfds : cfd;
}
for(int i = 1; i <= nfds; i++) {
if(fds[i].revents & POLLIN) {
// 说明这个文件描述符对应的客户端发来了数据
char buf[1024] = {0};
int len = read(fds[i].fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
if(len == -1) {
perror("read");
exit(-1);
} else if(len == 0) {
printf("client closed...\n");
close(fds[i].fd);
fds[i].fd = -1;
} else if(len > 0) {
printf("read buf = %s\n", buf);
write(fds[i].fd, buf, strlen(buf) + 1);
}
}
}
}
}
close(lfd);
return 0;
}
客户端：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
// 创建socket
int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if(fd == -1) {
perror("socket");
return -1;
}
struct sockaddr_in seraddr;
inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &seraddr.sin_addr.s_addr);
seraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
seraddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
// 连接服务器
int ret = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&seraddr, sizeof(seraddr));
if(ret == -1){
perror("connect");
return -1;
}
int num = 0;
while(1) {
char sendBuf[1024] = {0};
sprintf(sendBuf, "send data %d", num++);
write(fd, sendBuf, strlen(sendBuf) + 1);
// 接收
int len = read(fd, sendBuf, sizeof(sendBuf));
if(len == -1) {
perror("read");
return -1;
}else if(len > 0) {
printf("read buf = %s\n", sendBuf);
} else {
printf("服务器已经断开连接...\n");
break;
}
// sleep(1);
usleep(1000);
}
close(fd);
return 0;
}
4.epoll
服务器端：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
int main() {
// 创建socket
int lfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
struct sockaddr_in saddr;
saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
// 绑定
bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
// 监听
listen(lfd, 8);
// 调用epoll_create()创建一个epoll实例
int epfd = epoll_create(100);
// 将监听的文件描述符相关的检测信息添加到epoll实例中
struct epoll_event epev;
epev.events = EPOLLIN;
epev.data.fd = lfd;
epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, lfd, &epev);
struct epoll_event epevs[1024];
while(1) {
int ret = epoll_wait(epfd, epevs, 1024, -1);
if(ret == -1) {
perror("epoll_wait");
exit(-1);
}
printf("ret = %d\n", ret);
for(int i = 0; i < ret; i++) {
int curfd = epevs[i].data.fd;
if(curfd == lfd) {
// 监听的文件描述符有数据达到，有客户端连接
struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
int len = sizeof(cliaddr);
int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, &len);
epev.events = EPOLLIN;
epev.data.fd = cfd;
epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, cfd, &epev);
} else {
if(epevs[i].events & EPOLLOUT) {
continue;
}
// 有数据到达，需要通信
char buf[1024] = {0};
int len = read(curfd, buf, sizeof(buf));
if(len == -1) {
perror("read");
exit(-1);
} else if(len == 0) {
printf("client closed...\n");
epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, curfd, NULL);
close(curfd);
} else if(len > 0) {
printf("read buf = %s\n", buf);
write(curfd, buf, strlen(buf) + 1);
}
}
}
}
close(lfd);
close(epfd);
return 0;
}
客户端：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
// 创建socket
int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if(fd == -1) {
perror("socket");
return -1;
}
struct sockaddr_in seraddr;
inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &seraddr.sin_addr.s_addr);
seraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
seraddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
// 连接服务器
int ret = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&seraddr, sizeof(seraddr));
if(ret == -1){
perror("connect");
return -1;
}
int num = 0;
while(1) {
char sendBuf[1024] = {0};
sprintf(sendBuf, "send data %d", num++);
write(fd, sendBuf, strlen(sendBuf) + 1);
// 接收
int len = read(fd, sendBuf, sizeof(sendBuf));
if(len == -1) {
perror("read");
return -1;
}else if(len > 0) {
printf("read buf = %s\n", sendBuf);
} else {
printf("服务器已经断开连接...\n");
break;
}
// sleep(1);
usleep(1000);
}
close(fd);
return 0;
}
5.epoll的两种工作模式
LT模式（水平触发）服务器端：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
int main() {
// 创建socket
int lfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
struct sockaddr_in saddr;
saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
// 绑定
bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
// 监听
listen(lfd, 8);
// 调用epoll_create()创建一个epoll实例
int epfd = epoll_create(100);
// 将监听的文件描述符相关的检测信息添加到epoll实例中
struct epoll_event epev;
epev.events = EPOLLIN;
epev.data.fd = lfd;
epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, lfd, &epev);
struct epoll_event epevs[1024];
while(1) {
int ret = epoll_wait(epfd, epevs, 1024, -1);
if(ret == -1) {
perror("epoll_wait");
exit(-1);
}
printf("ret = %d\n", ret);
for(int i = 0; i < ret; i++) {
int curfd = epevs[i].data.fd;
if(curfd == lfd) {
// 监听的文件描述符有数据达到，有客户端连接
struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
int len = sizeof(cliaddr);
int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, &len);
epev.events = EPOLLIN;
epev.data.fd = cfd;
epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, cfd, &epev);
} else {
if(epevs[i].events & EPOLLOUT) {
continue;
}
// 有数据到达，需要通信
char buf[5] = {0};
int len = read(curfd, buf, sizeof(buf));
if(len == -1) {
perror("read");
exit(-1);
} else if(len == 0) {
printf("client closed...\n");
epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, curfd, NULL);
close(curfd);
} else if(len > 0) {
printf("read buf = %s\n", buf);
write(curfd, buf, strlen(buf) + 1);
}
}
}
}
close(lfd);
close(epfd);
return 0;
}
ET模式（边沿触发）服务器端：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <errno.h>
int main() {
// 创建socket
int lfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
struct sockaddr_in saddr;
saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
// 绑定
bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
// 监听
listen(lfd, 8);
// 调用epoll_create()创建一个epoll实例
int epfd = epoll_create(100);
// 将监听的文件描述符相关的检测信息添加到epoll实例中
struct epoll_event epev;
epev.events = EPOLLIN;
epev.data.fd = lfd;
epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, lfd, &epev);
struct epoll_event epevs[1024];
while(1) {
int ret = epoll_wait(epfd, epevs, 1024, -1);
if(ret == -1) {
perror("epoll_wait");
exit(-1);
}
printf("ret = %d\n", ret);
for(int i = 0; i < ret; i++) {
int curfd = epevs[i].data.fd;
if(curfd == lfd) {
// 监听的文件描述符有数据达到，有客户端连接
struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
int len = sizeof(cliaddr);
int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, &len);
// 设置cfd属性非阻塞
int flag = fcntl(cfd, F_GETFL);
flag | O_NONBLOCK;
fcntl(cfd, F_SETFL, flag);
epev.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLET; // 设置边沿触发
epev.data.fd = cfd;
epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, cfd, &epev);
} else {
if(epevs[i].events & EPOLLOUT) {
continue;
}
// 循环读取出所有数据
char buf[5];
int len = 0;
while( (len = read(curfd, buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0) {
// 打印数据
// printf("recv data : %s\n", buf);
write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, len);
write(curfd, buf, len);
}
if(len == 0) {
printf("client closed....");
}else if(len == -1) {
if(errno == EAGAIN) {
printf("data over.....");
}else {
perror("read");
exit(-1);
}
}
}
}
}
close(lfd);
close(epfd);
return 0;
}
客户端：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
// 创建socket
int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if(fd == -1) {
perror("socket");
return -1;
}
struct sockaddr_in seraddr;
inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &seraddr.sin_addr.s_addr);
seraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
seraddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
// 连接服务器
int ret = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&seraddr, sizeof(seraddr));
if(ret == -1){
perror("connect");
return -1;
}
int num = 0;
while(1) {
char sendBuf[1024] = {0};
// sprintf(sendBuf, "send data %d", num++);
fgets(sendBuf, sizeof(sendBuf), stdin);
write(fd, sendBuf, strlen(sendBuf) + 1);
// 接收
int len = read(fd, sendBuf, sizeof(sendBuf));
if(len == -1) {
perror("read");
return -1;
}else if(len > 0) {
printf("read buf = %s\n", sendBuf);
} else {
printf("服务器已经断开连接...\n");
break;
}
}
close(fd);
return 0;
}
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